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[{"ID": 0, "Color": "#F07F4E", "Level": 1, "LevelName": "General IDDRS", "Title": "Introduction to the IDDRS", "Heading1": "Background", "Heading2": "", "Heading3": "", "Heading4": "", "Module": "1.10 Introduction to the IDDRS", "PageNum": 1, "Paragraph": "Since the late 1980s, the United Nations (UN) has increasingly been called upon to support the implementation of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programmes in countries emerging from conflict. In a peacekeeping context, this trend has been part of a move towards complex operations that seek to deal with a wide variety of issues ranging from security to human rights, rule of law, elections and economic governance, rather than traditional peacekeeping where two warring parties were separated by a ceasefire line patrolled by blue-helmeted soldiers.The changed nature of peacekeeping and post-conflict recovery strategies requires close coordination among UN departments, agencies, funds and programmes. In the past five years alone, DDR has been included in the mandates for multidimensional peacekeeping operations in Burundi, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia and Sudan. Simultaneously, the UN has increased its DDR engagement in non-peacekeeping contexts, namely in Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, the Congo, Indonesia (Aceh), Niger, Somalia, Solomon Islands and Uganda.While the UN has acquired significant experience in the planning and management of DDR programmes, it has yet to establish a collective approach to DDR, or clear and usable policies and guidelines to facilitate coordination and cooperation among UN agencies, departments and programmes. This has resulted in poor coordination and planning and gaps in the implementation of DDR programmes.", "Can": 0, "May": 0, "Shall": 0, "Should": 0, "Must": 0}, {"ID": 1, "Color": "#F07F4E", "Level": 1, "LevelName": "General IDDRS", "Title": "Introduction to the IDDRS", "Heading1": "1. Towards a common UN approach to DDR", "Heading2": "", "Heading3": "", "Heading4": "", "Module": "1.10 Introduction to the IDDRS", "PageNum": 1, "Paragraph": "In response to this fragmented approach, six UN agencies, departments, funds and programmes came together in 2004 to draft a series of integrated DDR standards (IDDRS), i.e., a set of policies, guidelines and procedures for UN-supported DDR programmes in a peacekeeping context. Following workshop discussions and extensive consultations with country-level practitioners from the UN, member states, regional organizations, non-governmental organizations and the World Bank, the IDDRS were further developed and a second draft was tested in 2005.The Inter-Agency Working Group on DDR, which was formally established by the Executive Committee on Peace and Security in March 2005 with a mandate to improve the UN performance in DDR, now counts 15 UN departments, agencies, funds and programmes as its members.1 This first edition of the IDDRS has been jointly developed and approved by all 15 Working Group members.", "Can": 0, "May": 0, "Shall": 0, "Should": 0, "Must": 0}, {"ID": 2, "Color": "#F07F4E", "Level": 1, "LevelName": "General IDDRS", "Title": "Introduction to the IDDRS", "Heading1": "2. What is DDR?", "Heading2": "", "Heading3": "", "Heading4": "", "Module": "1.10 Introduction to the IDDRS", "PageNum": 1, "Paragraph": "The objective of the DDR process is to contribute to security and stability in post-conflict environments so that recovery and development can begin. The DDR of ex-combatants is a complex process, with political, military, security, humanitarian and socio-economic dimensions. It aims to deal with the post-conflict security problem that arises when ex-combatants are left without livelihoods or support networks, other than their former comrades, during the vital transition period from conflict to peace and development. Through a process of removing weapons from the hands of combatants, taking the combatants out of military structures and helping them to integrate socially and economically into society, DDR seeks t
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