IDDRS_API/media/data/json/IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019.json

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        "Title": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "Contents Summary 1. Module scope and objectives 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations 3. Introduction: The rationale and mandate for integrated DDR 4. The UN DDR approach 5. UN DDR in mission and non-mission settings \t5.1 DDR in mission settings  \t5.2 DDR in non-mission settings 6. When is DDR appropriate?  6.1 When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place 6.2 When the preconditions for a DDR programme are in place  7. Who is DDR for?  8. What principles guide UN DDR?  8.1 Voluntary 8.2 People-centred 8.3 Gender-responsive and inclusive 8.4 Conflict sensitive 8.5 Context specific 8.6 Flexible, sustainable and transparent 8.7 Nationally and locally owned 8.8 Regionally supported 8.9 Integrated 8.10 Well planned Annex A: Abbreviations",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "Summary\t Integrated disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is part of the United Nations (UN) system\u2019s multidimensional approach that contributes to the entire peace continuum, from prevention, conflict resolution and peacekeeping, to peacebuilding and development. Integrated DDR processes are made up of various combinations of:   DDR programmes; DDR-related tools; Reintegration support, including when complementing DDR-related tools.   DDR practitioners select the most appropriate of these measures to be applied on the basis of a thorough analysis of the particular context. Coordination is key to integrated DDR and is predicated on mechanisms that guarantee synergy and common purpose among all UN actors.  The Integrated DDR Standards (IDDRS) contained in this document are a compilation of the UN\u2019s knowledge and experience in this field. They show how integrated DDR processes can contribute to preventing conflict escalation, supporting political processes, building security, protecting civilians, promoting gender equality and addressing its root causes, reconstructing the social fabric and developing human capacity. Integrated DDR is at the heart of peacebuilding and aims to contribute to long-term security and stability.  Within the UN, integrated DDR takes place in partnership with Member States in both mission and non-mission settings, including in peace operations where they are mandated, and with the cooperation of agencies, funds and programmes. In countries and regions where integrated DDR processes are implemented, there should be a focus on capacity-building at the regional, national and local levels in order to encourage sustainable regional, national and/or local ownership and other peacebuilding measures.  Integrated DDR processes should work towards sustaining peace. Whereas peacebuilding activities are typically understood as a response to conflict once it has already broken out, the sustaining peace approach recognizes the need to work along the entire peace continuum and towards the prevention of conflict before it occurs. In this way the UN should support those capacities, institutions and attitudes that help communities to resolve conflicts peacefully. The implications of working along the peace continuum are particularly important for the provision of reintegration support. Now, as part of the sustaining peace approach those individuals leaving armed groups can be supported not only in post-conflict situations, but also during conflict escalation and ongoing conflict.  Community-based approaches to reintegration support, in particular, are well positioned to operationalize the sustaining peace approach. They address the needs of former combatants, persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups, and receiving communities, while necessitating the multidimensional/sectoral expertise of several UN and regional actors across the humanitarian-peace-development nexus (see IDDRS 2.40 on Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace). Integrated DDR should also be characterized by flexibility, including in funding structures, to adapt quickly to the dynamic and often volatile conflict and post-conflict environment. DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support, in whichever combination they are implemented, shall be synchronized through integrated coordination mechanisms, and carefully monitored and evaluated for effectiveness and with sensitivity to conflict dynamics and potential unintended effects.  Five categories of people should be taken into consideration in integrated DDR processes as participants or beneficiaries, depending on the context:  1)\tmembers of armed forces and groups who served in combat and/or support roles (those in support roles are often referred to as being associated with armed forces and groups); 2)\tabductees or victims;  3)\tdependents/families;  4)\tcivilian returnees or \u2018self-demobilized\u2019; 5)\tcommunity members.   In each of these five categories, consideration should be given to addressing the specific 
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        "Module": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "1. Module scope and objectives\t This module outlines the reasons behind integrated DDR, defines the elements that make up DDR programmes as agreed by the UN General Assembly, and establishes how the UN views integrated DDR processes. The module also defines the UN approach to integrated DDR for both mission and non-mission settings, which is: voluntary; people-centred; gender-responsive and inclusive; conflict-sensitive; context-specific; flexible, accountable and transparent; nationally and locally owned; regionally supported; integrated; and well planned.",
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        "Paragraph": "2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations Annex A contains a list of abbreviations used in these standards. A complete glossary of all the terms, definitions and abbreviations used in the IDDRS series is given in IDDRS 1.20. In the IDDRS series, the words \u2018shall\u2019, \u2018should\u2019, \u2018may\u2019, \u2018can\u2019 and \u2018must\u2019 are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance with the standards laid down. This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines:  a) \u2018shall\u2019 is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in           order to conform to the standard; b) \u2018should\u2019 is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications;  c) \u2018may\u2019 is used to indicate a possible method or course of action; d) \u2018can\u2019 is used to indicate a possibility and capability; e) \u2018must\u2019 is used to indicate an external constraint or obligation.  A DDR programme contains the elements set out by the Secretary-General in his May 2005 note to the General Assembly (A/C.5/59/31). (See box below.) These definitions are also used for drawing up budgets where UN Member States have agreed to fund the disarmament and demobilization (including reinsertion) phases of DDR programmes from the peacekeeping assessed budget. These budgetary aspects are also reflected in a General Assembly resolution on cross-cutting issues, including DDR (A/RES/59/296). Further reviews of both the United Nations Peacebuilding Architecture and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda refer to the full, unencumbered participation of women in all phases of DDR programmes, as ex-combatants or persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups.        DDR-related tools are immediate and targeted measures that may be used before, after or alongside DDR programmes or when the preconditions for DDR-programmes are not in place. These include pre-DDR, transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM), community violence reduction (CVR), initiatives to prevent individuals from joining armed groups designated as terrorist organizations, DDR support to mediation and DDR support to transitional security arrangements. In addition, support to programmes for those leaving armed groups labelled and/or designated as terrorist organizations may be provided by DDR practitioners in compliance with international standards. Reintegration support, including when complementing DDR-related tools: The UN should provide support to the reintegration of former members of armed forces and groups not only as part of DDR programmes, but also in the absence of such programmes, during conflict escalation, conflict and post-conflict. In these contexts, reintegration may take place alongside/following DDR-related tools or when DDR-related tools are not in use. The aim of this support is to facilitate the sustainable reintegration of those leaving armed forces and groups. Moreover, as part of the sustaining peace approach, community-based reintegration programmes should also aim to contribute to dynamics that aim to prevent further recruitment and sustain peace, by supporting communities of return, restoring social relations and avoiding perceptions of inequitable access to resources. Integrated DDR processes are made up of different combinations of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support, including when complementing DDR-related tools. These different measures should be applied in an integrated manner, with joint mechanisms that guarantee coordination and synergy among all UN actors. The UN shall use the concept and abbreviation \u2018DDR\u2019 as a comprehensive term referring to integrated DDR, and including DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support. Importantly, integrated DDR processes without DDR programmes do not include all ongoing stabilization and recovery measures, but only those DDR-related tools (CVR, transitional WAM, and so forth) and 
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        "Paragraph": "3. Introduction: The rationale and mandate for integrated DDR  As DDR is implemented in partnership with Member States and draws on the expertise of a wide range of stakeholders, an integrated approach is vital to ensure that all actors are working in harmony towards the same end. Past experiences have highlighted the need for those involved in planning and implementing DDR and monitoring its impacts to work together in a complementary way that avoids unnecessary duplication of effort or competition for funds and other resources (see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated DDR Planning).  The UN\u2019s integrated approach to DDR is guided by several policies and agendas that frame the UN\u2019s work on peace, security and development: Echoing the Brahimi Report (A/55/305; S/2000/809), the High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) in June 2015 recommended a common and realistic understanding of mandates, including required capabilities and standards, to improve the design and delivery of peace operations. Integrated DDR is part of this effort, based on joint analysis, comprehensive approaches, coordinated policies, DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support.   The Sustaining Peace Approach \u2013 manifested in the General Assembly and Security Council twin resolutions on the Review of the United Nations Peacebuilding Architecture (General Assembly resolution 70/262 and Security Council resolution 2282 [2016]) \u2013 underscores the mutually reinforcing relationship between prevention and sustaining peace, while recognizing that effective peacebuilding must involve the entire UN system. It also emphasizes the importance of joint analysis and effective strategic planning across the UN system in its long-term engagement with conflict-affected countries, and, where appropriate, in cooperation and coordination with regional and sub-regional organizations as well as international financial institutions.  Integrated DDR also needs to be understood as a concrete and direct contribution to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs are underpinned by the principle of leaving no one behind. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development explicitly links development to peace and security, while SDG 16 is focused on the promotion of peaceful, just and inclusive societies. Specifically, integrated DDR contributes to the implementation of: SDG 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere. SDG 16.4: By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime. SDG 8.7: Take immediate steps to \u2026 secure the prohibition and elimination of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2015 end child labour in all its forms.   Gender-responsive DDR also contributes to: SDG 5.1: End all forms of discrimination against women.  SDG 5.2: Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in public and private spaces, including trafficking, sexual and other types of exploitation. SDG 5.6: Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. The Quadrennial Comprehensive Policy Review (A/71/243, 21 December 2016, para. 14), states that \u201ca comprehensive whole-of-system response, including greater cooperation and complementarity among development, disaster risk reduction, humanitarian action and sustaining peace, is fundamental to most efficiently and effectively addressing needs and attaining the Sustainable Development Goals.\u201d Moreover, integrated DDR often takes place amid protracted humanitarian contexts which, since the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit Commitment to Action, have been framed through various initiatives that recognize the need to strengthen the humanitarian, development and peace nexus. These initiatives \u2013 such as the Grand Bargain, the New Way of Working (NWoW), and the Global Compact on Refugees \u2013 all call for humanitarian, development and peace 
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        "Paragraph": "4. The UN DDR approach\t The UN\u2019s integrated approach to DDR is applicable to mission and non-mission contexts, and emphasizes the role of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools, and reintegration support, including when complementing DDR-related tools.  The unconditional and immediate release of children associated with armed forces and groups must be a priority. Children must be supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities at all times, irrespective of the status of peace negotiations and/or the development of DDR programmes and DDR-related tools.  DDR programmes consist of a range of activities falling under the operational categories of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. (See definitions above.) These programmes are typically top-down and are designed to implement the terms of a peace agreement between armed groups and the Government. The UN views DDR programmes as an integral part of peacebuilding efforts. DDR programmes focus on the post-conflict security problem that arises when combatants are left without livelihoods and support networks during the vital period stretching from conflict to peace, recovery and development. DDR programmes also help to build national capacity for long-term reintegration and human security, and they recognize the need to contribute to the right to reparation and to guarantees of non-repetition (see IDDRS 6.20 on DDR and Transitional Justice).  DDR programmes are complex endeavours, with political, military, security, humanitarian and socio-economic dimensions. The establishment of a DDR programme is usually agreed to and defined within a ceasefire, the ending of hostilities or a comprehensive peace agreement. This provides the political, policy and operational framework for the DDR programme. More generally, lessons and experiences have shown that the following preconditions are required for the implementation of a viable DDR programme:   the signing of a negotiated ceasefire and/or peace agreement that provides the framework for DDR;  trust in the peace process; willingness of the parties to the armed conflict to engage in DDR; and a minimum guarantee of security.  DDR programmes provide a framework for their coordination, management and implementation by national Governments with support from the UN system, international financial institutions, and regional stakeholders. They establish the expected outcomes, outputs and activities required, organize costing requirements into a budget, and set the monitoring and evaluation framework by identifying indicators, targets and milestones.  The UN\u2019s integrated approach to DDR acknowledges that planning for DDR programmes shall be initiated as early as possible, even before a ceasefire and/or peace agreement is signed, before sufficient trust is built in the peace process, and before minimum conditions of security are reached that enable the parties to the conflict to engage willingly in DDR (see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated DDR Planning).   DDR programmes alone cannot resolve conflict or prevent violence, and such programmes need to be firmly anchored in an overall political and peacebuilding strategy. However, DDR programmes can contribute to security and stability so that other elements of a political and peacebuilding strategy, such as elections and power sharing, weapons and ammunition management, security sector reform (SSR) and rule of law reform, can proceed (see IDDRS 6.10 on DDR and SSR).     In recent years, DDR practitioners have increasingly been deployed in settings where the preconditions for DDR programmes are not in place. In some contexts, a peace agreement may have been signed but the armed groups have lost trust in the peace process or reneged on the terms of the deal. In other settings, where there are multiple armed groups, some may sign on to a peace agreement while others do not. In contexts of violent extremism conducive to terrorism, peace agreements are only a remote possibility.  It is not solely the lack of ceasefire agreements or peace processes that m
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        "Paragraph": "5. UN DDR in mission and non-mission settings The UN has been involved in integrated DDR across the peace continuum since the late 1980s. During the past 25 years, the UN has amassed considerable experience and knowledge of the coordination, design, implementation, financing, and monitoring and evaluation of DDR programmes. Over the past 10 years the UN has also gained similar experience in the use of DDR-related tools and reintegration support when the preconditions for DDR programmes are not present. Integrated DDR originates from various parts of the UN\u2019s core mandate, as set out in the Charter of the UN, particularly the areas of peace and security, economic and social development, human rights and humanitarian assistance.  UN departments, agencies, programmes and funds are uniquely able to support integrated DDR processes both in mission settings, where peace operations are in place, and in non-mission settings, where there is no peace operation present, providing breadth of scope, neutrality, impartiality and capacity-building through the sharing of technical DDR skills.",
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        "Paragraph": "5.1    DDR in mission settings Mission settings are those situations in which peace operations are deployed through peacekeeping operations, political missions and good offices engagements, by the UN or a regional organization. Where peace operations are mandated to manage and resolve an actual or potential conflict within States, DDR is generally mandated through a UN Security Council resolution, ideally within the framework of a ceasefire and/or a comprehensive peace agreement with specific provisions on DDR. Decision-making and accountability rest with the Special Representative or Special Envoy of the Secretary-General. Missions with a DDR mandate usually include a dedicated DDR component to support the design and implementation of a nationally led DDR programme. When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, the Security Council may also mandate UN peace operations to implement specific DDR-related tools, such as CVR, to support the creation of a conducive environment for a DDR programme. These types of DDR-related tools can also be designed and implemented to contribute to other mandated priorities such as the protection of civilians, stabilization and support to the overall peace process.  Integrated disarmament, demobilization (including reinsertion) and other DDR-related tools (except those covering reintegration support) fall under the responsibility of the UN peace operation\u2019s DDR component. The reintegration component will be supported and/or undertaken in an integrated manner very often by relevant agencies, funds and programmes within the United Nations Country Team (UNCT), as well as international financial institutions, under the leadership of the Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General (DSRSG)/Humanitarian Coordinator (HC)/Resident Coordinator (RC), who will designate lead agency(ies). The DDR mission component shall therefore work in close coordination with the UNCT. The UN DSRSG/HC/RC should establish a UN DDR Working Group at the country level with co-chairs to be defined, as appropriate, to coordinate the contributions of the UNCT and international financial institutions to integrated DDR. While UN military and police contingents provide a minimum level of security, support from other mission components may include communications, gender equality, women\u2019s empowerment, and youth and child protection. With regard to special political missions and good offices engagements, DDR implementation structures and partnerships may need to be adjusted to the mission\u2019s composition as the mandate evolves. This adjustment can take account of needs at the country level, most notably with regard to the size and capacities of the DDR component, uniformed personnel and other relevant technical expertise. In the case of peace operations, the Security Council mandate also forms the basis for assessed funding for all activities related to disarmament, demobilization (including reinsertion) and DDR-related tools (except those covering reintegration support). Fundraising for reintegration assistance and other activities needs to be conducted by Governments and/or regional organizations with support from United Nations peace operations, agencies, funds and programmes, bilateral donors and relevant international financial institutions. Regarding special political missions and good offices engagements, support to integrated DDR planning and implementation may require extra-budgetary funding in the form of voluntary contributions and the establishment of alternative financial management structures, such as a dedicated multi-donor trust fund.",
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        "Paragraph": "5.2 DDR in non-mission settings  Non-mission settings are those situations in which there is no peace operation deployed to a country, either through peacekeeping, political missions or good offices engagements, by either the UN or regional organizations. In countries where there is no United Nations peace operation mandated by the Security Council, UN DDR support will be provided when either a national Government and/or UN RC requests assistance.  The disarmament and demobilization components of a DDR programme will be undertaken by national institutions with advice and technical support from relevant UN departments, agencies, programmes and funds, the UNCT, regional organizations and bilateral actors. The reintegration component will be supported and/or implemented by the UNCT and relevant international financial institutions in an integrated manner. When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, the implementation of specific DDR-related tools, such as CVR, and/or reintegration support, may be considered. The alignment of CVR initiatives in non-mission contexts with reintegration assistance is essential.  Decision-making and accountability for UN-supported DDR rest, in this context, with the UN RC, who will identify one or more UN lead agency(ies) in the UNCT based on in-country capacity and expertise. The UN RC should establish a UN DDR Working Group co-chaired by the lead agency(ies) at the country level to coordinate the contribution of the UNCT to integrated DDR, including on issues related to gender equality, women\u2019s empowerment, youth and child protection, and support to persons with disabilities.  DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support, where applicable, will require the allocation of national budgets and/or the mobilization of voluntary contributions, including through the establishment of financial management structures, such as a dedicated multi-donor trust fund or catalytic funding provided by the Peacebuilding Fund (PBF).",
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        "Paragraph": "6. When is DDR appropriate? Violent conflicts do not always completely cease when a political settlement is reached or a peace agreement is signed. There remains a real danger that violence will flare up again during the immediate post-conflict period, because putting right the political, security, social and economic problems and other root causes of war is a long-term project. Furthermore, peace operations are often mandated in contexts where an agreement is yet to be reached or where a peace process is yet to be initiated or is only partially initiated. In non-mission contexts, requests from the Government for the UN to support DDR are made either when ceasefires are reached or when a peace agreement or a comprehensive peace agreement is signed. This is why practitioners should decide whether DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and/or reintegration support constitute the most appropriate response to a particular situation. A DDR programme will only be appropriate when the preconditions referred to above are in place.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.1 When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, the reintegration of former combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups may be supported in line with the sustaining peace approach, i.e., during conflict escalation, conflict and post-conflict. Furthermore, practitioners may choose from a menu of DDR-related tools. (See table above.)  Unlike DDR programmes, DDR-related tools are not designed to implement the terms of a peace agreement. Instead, when the preconditions for a DDR-programme are not in place, DDR-related tools may be used in line with United Nations Security Council and General Assembly mandates and broader strategic frameworks, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (UNSDCF), the Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) and/or the Integrated Strategic Framework. A gender- and child-sensitive approach should be applied to the planning, implementation and monitoring of DDR-related tools.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.2 When the preconditions for a DDR programme are in place When the preconditions are in place, the UN may support the establishment of DDR programmes. Other DDR-related tools can also be implemented before, after or alongside DDR programmes, as complementary measures (see table above).   The UN may employ or support a variety of DDR programming elements adapted to suit each context. These may include:  The disbanding of armed groups: Governments may request assistance to disband armed groups. The establishment of a DDR programme is agreed to and defined within a ceasefire, the ending of hostilities or a comprehensive peace agreement. Trust and commitment by the parties to the implementation of an agreement and minimum conditions of security are essential for the success of a DDR programme. Administratively, there is little difference between DDR programmes for armed forces and armed groups. Both may require the full registration of weapons and personnel, followed by the collection of information, referral and counselling that are needed before effective reintegration programmes can be put in place.  The rightsizing of armed forces or police: Governments may request assistance to downsize or restructure their armies or police and supporting institutional infrastructure (salaries, benefits, basic services, etc.). Such processes contribute to security sector reform (SSR) (see IDDRS 6.10 on DDR and Security Sector Reform). DDR practitioners should work in close collaboration with SSR experts while planning reintegration support to former members of armed forces.   The repatriation of foreign combatants and associated groups: Considering the regional dimensions of conflict, Governments may agree to assistance to repatriation. DDR programmes may need to become involved in repatriating national combatants and their civilian family members, as well as children associated with armed forces and groups who may have crossed an international border. Such repatriation needs to be in accordance with the principle of non-refoulement, as set out in international humanitarian, human rights and refugee law (see IDDRS 2.11 on The Legal Framework for UN DDR). While DDR programmes are primarily used to address the security challenges posed by members of armed forces and groups, provisions should be made for the inclusion of other groups (including civilians and youth at risk), depending on resources and local circumstances. National institutions should be supported to determine the policy on direct benefits and reintegration assistance during a DDR programme. Civilians and civil society groups in communities to which members of the abovementioned groups will return should be consulted during the planning and design phase of DDR programmes, as well as informed and supported in order to assist them to receive ex-combatants and their dependents/families during the reintegration phase.",
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        "Paragraph": "7. Who is DDR for? Five categories of people should be taken into consideration, as participants and beneficiaries, in integrated DDR processes. This will depend on the context, and the particular combination of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools, and reintegration support in use:  1)\tmembers of armed forces and groups who served in combat and/or support roles (those in support roles are often referred to as being associated with armed forces and groups); 2)\tabductees/victims; 3)\tdependents/families; 4)\tcivilian returnees/\u2019self-demobilized\u2019; 5)\tcommunity members.  Consideration should be given to addressing the specific needs of women, youth, children, persons with disabilities, and persons with chronic illnesses in each of these five categories. National actors, such as Governments, political parties, the military, signatory and non-signatory armed groups, non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations and the media are all stakeholders in integrated DDR processes along with international actors.",
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        "Paragraph": "8. What principles guide UN DDR? All UN DDR programmes, DDR-related tools, and reintegration support shall be voluntary, people-centred, gender-responsive and inclusive, conflict sensitive, context specific, flexible, accountable and transparent, nationally and locally owned, regionally supported, integrated and well planned.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.1 Voluntary Integrated DDR shall be a voluntary process for both armed forces and groups, both as organizations and individual (ex)combatants. Groups and individuals shall not be coerced to participate. This principle has become even more important, but contested, in contemporary conflict environments where the participation of some combatants in nationally, locally, or privately supported efforts is arguably involuntary, for example as a result of their capture on the battlefield or their being forced into a DDR programme under duress.    Integrated DDR should not be conflated with military operations or counter-insurgency strategies. Although the UN does not generally engage in detention operations and DDR has traditionally been a voluntary process, the nature of conflict environments and the growing potential for overlap with State-led efforts countering violent extremism and counter-terrorism has increased the likelihood that the UN and other actors engaging in DDR may be faced with detention-related dilemmas. DDR practitioners should therefore pay particular attention to such questions when operating in complex conflict environments and seek legal advice if confronted with surrendered or captured combatants in overt military operations, or if there are any concerns regarding the voluntariness of persons participating in DDR. They should also be aware of requirements contained in Chapter VII resolutions of the Security Council that, among other things, call for Member States to bring terrorists to justice and oblige national authorities to ensure the prosecution of suspected terrorists as appropriate (see IDDRS 2.11 on The Legal Framework for UN DDR).",
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        "Paragraph": "8.2.1. Criteria for participation/eligibility Determining the criteria that define which people are eligible to participate in integrated DDR, particularly in situations where mainly armed groups are involved, is vital if aims are to be achieved. In DDR programmes, eligibility criteria must be carefully designed and ready for use in the disarmament and demobilization stages. DDR programmes are aimed at combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. These groups may be composed of different categories of people who have participated in the conflict within armed forces and groups such as abductees/victims or dependents/families.  In instances where the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, or where combatants are ineligible for DDR programmes, DDR-related tools, such as CVR, or support to reintegration may be provided. Determination of eligibility for these activities should be undertaken by relevant national and local authorities with support from UN missions, agencies, programmes and funds as appropriate. Armed groups in particular have a variety of structures \u2014 rebel groups, armed gangs, etc. In order to provide the best assistance, operational and implementation strategies that deal with their specific needs should be adopted.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.2.2. Unconditional release and protection of children The unconditional and immediate release of children associated with armed forces and groups must be a priority, irrespective of the status of peace negotiations and/or the development of DDR programmes and DDR-related tools. UN-supported DDR interventions shall not be allowed to encourage the recruitment of children into armed forces and groups in any way, especially by commanders trying to increase the number of combatants entering DDR programmes in order to profit from assistance provided to combatants. When DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support are implemented, children shall be separated from armed forces and groups and handed over to child protection agencies. Children will then be supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities (see IDDRS 5.30 on Children and DDR). Only child protection practitioners should interview children associated with armed forces and groups.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "UN-supported integrated DDR processes promote the human rights of participants and the communities into which they integrate, and are conducted in line with international humanitarian, human rights and refugee law. The UN and its partners should be neutral, transparent and impartial, and should not take sides in any conflict or in political, racial, religious or ideological controversies, or give preferential treatment to different parties taking part in DDR.  Neutrality within a rights-based approach should not, however, prevent UN personnel from protesting against or documenting human rights violations or taking some other action (e.g., advocacy, simple presence, political steps, local negotiations, etc.) to prevent them. Under the UN's Human Rights Due Diligence Policy (HRDDP), providers of support have a responsibility to monitor the related human rights context, to suspend support under certain circumstances and to engage with national authorities towards addressing violations. Where one or more parties or individuals violate agreements and undertakings, the UN can take appropriate remedial action and/or exclude individuals from DDR.  Humanitarian aid must be delivered to all those who are suffering, according to their need, and human rights provide the framework on which an assessment of needs is based. However, mechanisms must also be designed to prevent those who have committed violations of human rights from going unpunished by ensuring that DDR programmes, related tools and reintegration support do not operate as a reward system for the worst violators. In many post-conflict situations, there is often a tension between reconciliation and justice, but efforts must be made to ensure that serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law by ex-combatants and their supporters are dealt with through appropriate national and international legal and/or transitional justice mechanisms. Children released from their association with armed forces and groups who have committed war crimes and mass violations of human rights may also be criminally responsible under national law, though any criminal responsibility must be in accordance with international juvenile justice standards and the International Criminal Court Policy on Children (see IDDRS 5.20 on Youth and DDR, and IDDRS 5.30 on Children and DDR). UN-supported DDR interventions should take into consideration local and international mechanisms for achieving justice and accountability, as well as respect for the rule of law, including any accountability, justice and reconciliation mechanisms that may be established with respect to crimes committed in a particular Member State. These can take various forms, depending on the specificities of the local context.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.3 Gender responsive and inclusive  Like men and boys, women and girls are likely to have played many different roles in armed forces and groups, as fighters, supporters, wives or sex slaves, messengers and cooks. The design and implementation of integrated DDR processes should aim to address the specific needs of women and girls, as well as men and boys, taking into account these different experiences, roles, capacities and responsibilities acquired during and after conflicts. Specific measures should be put in place to ensure the equal and meaningful participation of women in all stages of integrated DDR \u2014 from the negotiation of DDR provisions in peace agreements and the establishment of national institutions, to CVR and community-based reintegration support (see IDDRS 5.10 on Gender and DDR). Non-discrimination and fair and equitable treatment are core principles in both the design and implementation of integrated DDR processes. The eligibility criteria for DDR shall not discriminate against individuals on the basis of sex, age, gender identity, race, religion, nationality, ethnic origin, political opinion, or other personal characteristics or associations. Furthermore, the opportunities/benefits that eligible ex-combatants have access to when participating in a particular DDR process shall not discriminate against individuals on the basis of their former affiliation with a particular armed force or group. It is likely there will be a need to address potential \u2018spoilers\u2019, e.g., by negotiating \u2018special packages\u2019 for commanders in order to secure their buy-in and to ensure that they allow combatants to participate. This political compromise must be carefully negotiated on a case-by-case basis. Furthermore, the inclusion of youth at risk and other non-combatants should also be seen as a measure helping to prevent future recruitment.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.4 Conflict sensitive  \u2018Do no harm\u2019 is a standard principle against which all DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support shall be evaluated at all times. No false promises shall be made; and, ultimately, no individual or community should be made less secure by the return of ex-combatants or the presence of UN peacekeeping, police or civilian personnel. The establishment of UN-supported prevention, protection and monitoring mechanisms (including systems for ensuring access to justice and police protection, etc.) is essential to prevent and punish sexual and gender-based violence, harassment and intimidation, or any other violation of human rights. It is particularly important to consider \u2018do no harm\u2019 when assessing the reinsertion and reintegration options for female fighters or women and girls associated with armed forces and groups.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.5 Context specific Integrated DDR needs to be flexible and context-specific in order to address national, regional, and global realities. DDR should consider the nature of armed groups, conflict drivers, peace opportunities, gender dynamics, and community dynamics. All UN or UN-supported DDR interventions shall be designed to take local conditions and needs into account. The IDDRS provide DDR practitioners with comprehensive guidance and analytical tools for the planning and design of DDR rather than a standard formula that is applicable to every situation.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.6.1 Flexible, sustainable and transparent funding arrangements Due to the complex and dynamic nature of integrated DDR processes, flexible and long-term funding arrangements are essential. The multidimensional nature of DDR requires an initial investment of staff and funds for planning and programming, as well as accessible and sustainable sources of funding throughout the different phases of implementation. Funding mechanisms, including trust funds, pooled funding, etc., and the criteria established for the use of funds shall be flexible. Past experience has shown that assigning funds exclusively for specific DDR components (e.g., disarmament and demobilization) or expenditures (e.g., logistics and equipment) sets up an artificial distinction between the different elements of a DDR programme and makes it difficult to implement the programme in an integrated, flexible and dynamic way. The importance of planning and initiating reinsertion and reintegration support activities at the start of a DDR programme has become increasingly evident, so adequate financing for reintegration needs to be secured in advance. This should help to prevent delays or gaps in implementation that could threaten or undermine the programme\u2019s credibility and viability (see IDDRS 3.41 on Finance and Budgeting).",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "8.6.2 Accountability and transparency  In order to build confidence and ensure legitimacy, and to justify financial and technical support by international actors, DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support are, from the very beginning, predicated on the principles of accountability and transparency. Post-conflict stabilization and the establishment of immediate security are the overall goals of DDR, but integrated DDR also takes place in a wider recovery and reconstruction framework. While both short-term and long-term strategies should be developed in the planning phase, due to the dynamic and volatile conflict and post-conflict context, interventions must be flexible and adaptable.  The UN aims to establish transparent mechanisms for the independent monitoring, oversight and evaluation of integrated DDR and its financing mechanisms. It also attempts to create an environment in which all stakeholders understand and are accountable for achieving broad objectives and implementing the details of integrated DDR processes, even if circumstances change. Many types of accountability are needed to ensure transparency, including: the commitment of the national authorities and the parties to a peace agreement or political framework to honour the agreements they have signed and implement DDR programmes in good faith; the accountability and transparency of all relevant actors in contexts where the preconditions for DDR are not in place and alternative DDR-related tools and reintegration support measures are implemented; the accountability of national and international implementing agencies to the five categories of persons who can become participants in DDR for the professional and timely carrying out of activities and delivery of services; the adherence of all parts of the UN system (missions, departments, agencies, programmes and funds) to IDDRS principles and guidance for designing and implementing DDR; the commitment of Member States and bilateral partners to provide timely political and financial support to integrated DDR processes. Although DDR practitioners should always aim to meet core commitments, setbacks and unforeseen events should be expected. Flexibility and contingency planning are therefore needed. It is essential to establish realistic goals and make reasonable promises to those involved, and to explain setbacks to stakeholders and participants in order to maintain their confidence and cooperation.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.7. Nationally and locally owned Ensuring national and local ownership is crucial to the success of integrated DDR. National ownership ensures that DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support are informed by an understanding of the local context, the dynamics of the conflict, and the dynamics between ex-combatants and community members. Even when receiving financial and technical assistance from partners, it is the responsibility of national Governments to ensure coordination between government ministries and local government, between Government and national civil society, and between Government and external partners.  In contexts where national capacity is weak, a Government exerts national ownership by building the capacity of its national institutions, by contributing to the integrated DDR process and by creating links to other peacebuilding and development initiatives. This is particularly important in the case of reintegration support, as measures should be designed as part of national development and recovery efforts. National and local capacity must be systematically developed, as follows: Creating national and local institutional capacity: A primary role of the UN is to supply technical assistance, training and financial support to national authorities to establish credible, capable, representative and sustainable national institutions and programmes. Such assistance should be based on an assessment and understanding of the particular context and the type of DDR activities to be implemented, including commitments to gender equality.  Finding implementing partners: Besides national institutions, civil society is a key partner in DDR. The technical capacity and expertise of civil society groups will often need to be strengthened, particularly when conflict has diminished human and financial resources. Particular attention should be paid to supporting the capacity development of women\u2019s civil society groups to ensure equal participation as partners in DDR. Doing so will help to create a sustainable environment for DDR and to ensure its long-term success. Employing local communities and authorities: Local communities and authorities play an important role in ensuring the sustainability of DDR, particularly in support of reintegration and the implementation of DDR-related tools. Therefore, their capacities for strategic planning and programme and/or financial management must be strengthened. Local authorities and populations, ex-combatants and their dependents/families, and women and girls formerly associated with armed forces and groups shall all be involved in the planning, implementation and monitoring of integrated DDR processes. This is to ensure that the needs of both individuals and the community are addressed. Increased local ownership builds support for reintegration and reconciliation efforts and supports other local peacebuilding and recovery processes.  As the above list shows, national ownership involves more than just central government leadership: it includes the participation of a broad range of State and non-State actors at national, provincial and local levels. Within the IDDRS framework, the UN supports the development of a national DDR strategy, not only by representatives of the various parties to the conflict, but also by civil society; and it encourages the active participation of affected communities and groups, particularly those formerly marginalized in DDR and post-conflict reconstruction processes, such as representatives of women\u2019s groups, children\u2019s advocates, people from minority communities, and persons with disabilities and chronic illness.  In supporting national institutions, the UN, along with key international and regional actors, can help to ensure broad national ownership, adherence to international principles, credibility, transparency and accountability (see IDDRS 3.30 on National Institutions for DDR).",
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        "Paragraph": "8.8 Regionally supported The regional causes of conflict and the political, social and economic interrelationships among neighbouring States sharing insecure borders will present challenges in the implementation of DDR. Managing repatriation and the cross-border movement of weapons and armed groups requires careful coordination among UN agencies and regional organizations supporting DDR, both in the countries concerned and in neighbouring countries where there may be spill-over effects. The return of foreign former combatants and mercenaries may be a particular problem and will require a separate strategy (see IDDRS 5.40 on Cross-Border Population Movements). Most notably, UN actors need to engage regional stakeholders in order to foster a conducive regional environment, including support from neighbouring countries, for DDR interventions addressing armed groups operating on foreign national territory and with regional structures.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.9. Integrated  From the earliest assessment phase and throughout all stages of strategy development, planning and implementation, it is essential to encourage integration and unity of effort within the UN system and with national players. It is also important to coordinate the participation of international partners so as to achieve common objectives. Joint assessments and programming are key to ensuring that DDR programmes in both mission and non-mission contexts are implemented in an integrated manner. DDR practitioners should also strive for an integrated approach in contexts where DDR programmes are used in combination with DDR-related tools, and in settings where the preconditions for DDR programmes are absent (see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated Planning).",
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        "Paragraph": "8.10.1. Safety and security  Given that DDR is aimed at groups who are a security risk and is implemented in fragile security environments, both risks and operational security and safety protocols should be decided on before the planning and implementation of activities. These should include the security and safety needs of UN and partner agency personnel involved in DDR operations, DDR participants (who will have many different needs) and members of local communities. Security and other services must be provided either by UN military and/or a UN police component or national police and security forces. Security concerns should be included in operational plans, and clear criteria, in line with the UN Programme Criticality Framework, should be established for starting, delaying, suspending or cancelling activities and/or operations, should security risks be too high.",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "8.10.2. Planning: assessment, design, monitoring and evaluation  Integrated DDR processes shall be designed on the basis of detailed quantitative and qualitative data. Supporting information management systems should ensure that this data remains up to date, accurate and accessible. In the planning stages, information is gathered on the location of armed forces and groups, the demographics of their members (grouped according to sex and age), their weapons stocks, and the political and conflict dynamics at national and local levels. Surveys of national and local labour market conditions and reintegration opportunities should be undertaken. Regularly updating this information, as well as population-specific surveys (e.g., with women associated with armed forces and groups), allows for DDR to adapt to changing circumstances (also see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated Planning, IDDRS 3.20 on DDR Programme Design and IDDRS 3.30 on National Institutions for DDR). Internal and external monitoring and evaluation mechanisms must be established from the start to strengthen accountability within integrated DDR, ensure quality in the implementation and delivery of DDR activities and services, and allow for flexibility and adaptation of strategies and activities when required. Monitoring and evaluation should be based on an integrated approach to metrics, and produce lessons learned and best practices that will influence the further development of IDDRS policy and practice (see IDDRS 3.50 on Monitoring and Evaluation of DDR Programmes).",
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    },
    {
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        "Level": "2",
        "LevelName": "",
        "Title": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
        "Heading1": "",
        "Heading2": "",
        "Heading3": "",
        "Heading4": "",
        "Module": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
        "PageNum": null,
        "Paragraph": "8.10.3. Public information and community sensitization  Public information, awareness-raising and community sensitization ensure that affected communities and participants receive accurate information on DDR procedures and benefits. The sharing of information helps generate broad public support and national ownership, and at the same time manages expectations and encourages behavioural change, the demilitarization of hearts and minds, and reconciliation between ex-combatants and war-affected communities. Public information strategies should be drawn up and implemented as early as possible. Messages should be appropriately tailored for different audiences, considering gender and cultural dimensions in design and delivery, and should employ many different and locally appropriate means of communication (see IDDRS 4.60 on Public Information and Strategic Communication in Support of DDR).",
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    },
    {
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        "Color": "#008DCA",
        "Level": "2",
        "LevelName": "",
        "Title": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
        "Heading1": "",
        "Heading2": "",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
        "PageNum": 26,
        "Paragraph": "8.10.4. Transition and exit strategies While DDR programmes last for a specific period of time that includes the immediate post-conflict situation and the transition and early recovery periods, other aspects of DDR may need to be continued, albeit in a different form. DDR-related tools can be initiated after DDR programmes, such as when the disarmament of armed groups is followed by community-based weapons and ammunition management. Reintegration assistance also becomes an integral part of recovery and development. To ensure a smooth transition from one stage to another, an exit strategy should be defined as soon as possible, and should focus on how integrated DDR will seamlessly transform into broader and/or longer-term development strategies, such as security sector reform, violence prevention, socio-economic recovery, national reconciliation, peacebuilding, gender equality and poverty reduction.   Annex A: Abbreviations  A4P\t\tAction for Peacekeeping CEDAW\tConvention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CVR\t\tcommunity violence reduction HIPPO\t\tHigh-Level Independent Panel of Peace Operations HRDDP\tHuman Rights Due Diligence Policy HRP\t\tHumanitarian Response Plan NWoW\t\tNew Way of Working PBF\t\tPeacebuilding Fund SDGs\t\tSustainable Development Goals SSR\t\tsecurity sector reform UDHR\t\tUniversal Declaration of Human Rights UNCT\t\tUN Country Team UN DSRSG\tUN Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General UN HC\t\tUN Humanitarian Coordinator UN RC\t\tUN Resident Coordinator UNSDCF\tUN Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework WAM\t\tweapons and ammunition management",
        "Can": true,
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    }
]