IDDRS_API/media/data/data.json

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        "Title": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "Contents Summary 1. Module scope and objectives 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations 3. Introduction: The rationale and mandate for integrated DDR 4. The UN DDR approach 5. UN DDR in mission and non-mission settings \t5.1 DDR in mission settings  \t5.2 DDR in non-mission settings 6. When is DDR appropriate?  6.1 When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place 6.2 When the preconditions for a DDR programme are in place  7. Who is DDR for?  8. What principles guide UN DDR?  8.1 Voluntary 8.2 People-centred 8.3 Gender-responsive and inclusive 8.4 Conflict sensitive 8.5 Context specific 8.6 Flexible, sustainable and transparent 8.7 Nationally and locally owned 8.8 Regionally supported 8.9 Integrated 8.10 Well planned Annex A: Abbreviations",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "Summary\t Integrated disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is part of the United Nations (UN) system\u2019s multidimensional approach that contributes to the entire peace continuum, from prevention, conflict resolution and peacekeeping, to peacebuilding and development. Integrated DDR processes are made up of various combinations of:   DDR programmes; DDR-related tools; Reintegration support, including when complementing DDR-related tools.   DDR practitioners select the most appropriate of these measures to be applied on the basis of a thorough analysis of the particular context. Coordination is key to integrated DDR and is predicated on mechanisms that guarantee synergy and common purpose among all UN actors.  The Integrated DDR Standards (IDDRS) contained in this document are a compilation of the UN\u2019s knowledge and experience in this field. They show how integrated DDR processes can contribute to preventing conflict escalation, supporting political processes, building security, protecting civilians, promoting gender equality and addressing its root causes, reconstructing the social fabric and developing human capacity. Integrated DDR is at the heart of peacebuilding and aims to contribute to long-term security and stability.  Within the UN, integrated DDR takes place in partnership with Member States in both mission and non-mission settings, including in peace operations where they are mandated, and with the cooperation of agencies, funds and programmes. In countries and regions where integrated DDR processes are implemented, there should be a focus on capacity-building at the regional, national and local levels in order to encourage sustainable regional, national and/or local ownership and other peacebuilding measures.  Integrated DDR processes should work towards sustaining peace. Whereas peacebuilding activities are typically understood as a response to conflict once it has already broken out, the sustaining peace approach recognizes the need to work along the entire peace continuum and towards the prevention of conflict before it occurs. In this way the UN should support those capacities, institutions and attitudes that help communities to resolve conflicts peacefully. The implications of working along the peace continuum are particularly important for the provision of reintegration support. Now, as part of the sustaining peace approach those individuals leaving armed groups can be supported not only in post-conflict situations, but also during conflict escalation and ongoing conflict.  Community-based approaches to reintegration support, in particular, are well positioned to operationalize the sustaining peace approach. They address the needs of former combatants, persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups, and receiving communities, while necessitating the multidimensional/sectoral expertise of several UN and regional actors across the humanitarian-peace-development nexus (see IDDRS 2.40 on Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace). Integrated DDR should also be characterized by flexibility, including in funding structures, to adapt quickly to the dynamic and often volatile conflict and post-conflict environment. DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support, in whichever combination they are implemented, shall be synchronized through integrated coordination mechanisms, and carefully monitored and evaluated for effectiveness and with sensitivity to conflict dynamics and potential unintended effects.  Five categories of people should be taken into consideration in integrated DDR processes as participants or beneficiaries, depending on the context:  1)\tmembers of armed forces and groups who served in combat and/or support roles (those in support roles are often referred to as being associated with armed forces and groups); 2)\tabductees or victims;  3)\tdependents/families;  4)\tcivilian returnees or \u2018self-demobilized\u2019; 5)\tcommunity members.   In each of these five categories, consideration should be given to addressing the specific 
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        "Title": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "1. Module scope and objectives\t This module outlines the reasons behind integrated DDR, defines the elements that make up DDR programmes as agreed by the UN General Assembly, and establishes how the UN views integrated DDR processes. The module also defines the UN approach to integrated DDR for both mission and non-mission settings, which is: voluntary; people-centred; gender-responsive and inclusive; conflict-sensitive; context-specific; flexible, accountable and transparent; nationally and locally owned; regionally supported; integrated; and well planned.",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations Annex A contains a list of abbreviations used in these standards. A complete glossary of all the terms, definitions and abbreviations used in the IDDRS series is given in IDDRS 1.20. In the IDDRS series, the words \u2018shall\u2019, \u2018should\u2019, \u2018may\u2019, \u2018can\u2019 and \u2018must\u2019 are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance with the standards laid down. This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines:  a) \u2018shall\u2019 is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in           order to conform to the standard; b) \u2018should\u2019 is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications;  c) \u2018may\u2019 is used to indicate a possible method or course of action; d) \u2018can\u2019 is used to indicate a possibility and capability; e) \u2018must\u2019 is used to indicate an external constraint or obligation.  A DDR programme contains the elements set out by the Secretary-General in his May 2005 note to the General Assembly (A/C.5/59/31). (See box below.) These definitions are also used for drawing up budgets where UN Member States have agreed to fund the disarmament and demobilization (including reinsertion) phases of DDR programmes from the peacekeeping assessed budget. These budgetary aspects are also reflected in a General Assembly resolution on cross-cutting issues, including DDR (A/RES/59/296). Further reviews of both the United Nations Peacebuilding Architecture and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda refer to the full, unencumbered participation of women in all phases of DDR programmes, as ex-combatants or persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups.        DDR-related tools are immediate and targeted measures that may be used before, after or alongside DDR programmes or when the preconditions for DDR-programmes are not in place. These include pre-DDR, transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM), community violence reduction (CVR), initiatives to prevent individuals from joining armed groups designated as terrorist organizations, DDR support to mediation and DDR support to transitional security arrangements. In addition, support to programmes for those leaving armed groups labelled and/or designated as terrorist organizations may be provided by DDR practitioners in compliance with international standards. Reintegration support, including when complementing DDR-related tools: The UN should provide support to the reintegration of former members of armed forces and groups not only as part of DDR programmes, but also in the absence of such programmes, during conflict escalation, conflict and post-conflict. In these contexts, reintegration may take place alongside/following DDR-related tools or when DDR-related tools are not in use. The aim of this support is to facilitate the sustainable reintegration of those leaving armed forces and groups. Moreover, as part of the sustaining peace approach, community-based reintegration programmes should also aim to contribute to dynamics that aim to prevent further recruitment and sustain peace, by supporting communities of return, restoring social relations and avoiding perceptions of inequitable access to resources. Integrated DDR processes are made up of different combinations of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support, including when complementing DDR-related tools. These different measures should be applied in an integrated manner, with joint mechanisms that guarantee coordination and synergy among all UN actors. The UN shall use the concept and abbreviation \u2018DDR\u2019 as a comprehensive term referring to integrated DDR, and including DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support. Importantly, integrated DDR processes without DDR programmes do not include all ongoing stabilization and recovery measures, but only those DDR-related tools (CVR, transitional WAM, and so forth) and 
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        "Title": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "3. Introduction: The rationale and mandate for integrated DDR  As DDR is implemented in partnership with Member States and draws on the expertise of a wide range of stakeholders, an integrated approach is vital to ensure that all actors are working in harmony towards the same end. Past experiences have highlighted the need for those involved in planning and implementing DDR and monitoring its impacts to work together in a complementary way that avoids unnecessary duplication of effort or competition for funds and other resources (see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated DDR Planning).  The UN\u2019s integrated approach to DDR is guided by several policies and agendas that frame the UN\u2019s work on peace, security and development: Echoing the Brahimi Report (A/55/305; S/2000/809), the High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) in June 2015 recommended a common and realistic understanding of mandates, including required capabilities and standards, to improve the design and delivery of peace operations. Integrated DDR is part of this effort, based on joint analysis, comprehensive approaches, coordinated policies, DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support.   The Sustaining Peace Approach \u2013 manifested in the General Assembly and Security Council twin resolutions on the Review of the United Nations Peacebuilding Architecture (General Assembly resolution 70/262 and Security Council resolution 2282 [2016]) \u2013 underscores the mutually reinforcing relationship between prevention and sustaining peace, while recognizing that effective peacebuilding must involve the entire UN system. It also emphasizes the importance of joint analysis and effective strategic planning across the UN system in its long-term engagement with conflict-affected countries, and, where appropriate, in cooperation and coordination with regional and sub-regional organizations as well as international financial institutions.  Integrated DDR also needs to be understood as a concrete and direct contribution to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs are underpinned by the principle of leaving no one behind. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development explicitly links development to peace and security, while SDG 16 is focused on the promotion of peaceful, just and inclusive societies. Specifically, integrated DDR contributes to the implementation of: SDG 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere. SDG 16.4: By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime. SDG 8.7: Take immediate steps to \u2026 secure the prohibition and elimination of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2015 end child labour in all its forms.   Gender-responsive DDR also contributes to: SDG 5.1: End all forms of discrimination against women.  SDG 5.2: Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in public and private spaces, including trafficking, sexual and other types of exploitation. SDG 5.6: Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. The Quadrennial Comprehensive Policy Review (A/71/243, 21 December 2016, para. 14), states that \u201ca comprehensive whole-of-system response, including greater cooperation and complementarity among development, disaster risk reduction, humanitarian action and sustaining peace, is fundamental to most efficiently and effectively addressing needs and attaining the Sustainable Development Goals.\u201d Moreover, integrated DDR often takes place amid protracted humanitarian contexts which, since the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit Commitment to Action, have been framed through various initiatives that recognize the need to strengthen the humanitarian, development and peace nexus. These initiatives \u2013 such as the Grand Bargain, the New Way of Working (NWoW), and the Global Compact on Refugees \u2013 all call for humanitarian, development and peace 
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        "Paragraph": "4. The UN DDR approach\t The UN\u2019s integrated approach to DDR is applicable to mission and non-mission contexts, and emphasizes the role of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools, and reintegration support, including when complementing DDR-related tools.  The unconditional and immediate release of children associated with armed forces and groups must be a priority. Children must be supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities at all times, irrespective of the status of peace negotiations and/or the development of DDR programmes and DDR-related tools.  DDR programmes consist of a range of activities falling under the operational categories of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. (See definitions above.) These programmes are typically top-down and are designed to implement the terms of a peace agreement between armed groups and the Government. The UN views DDR programmes as an integral part of peacebuilding efforts. DDR programmes focus on the post-conflict security problem that arises when combatants are left without livelihoods and support networks during the vital period stretching from conflict to peace, recovery and development. DDR programmes also help to build national capacity for long-term reintegration and human security, and they recognize the need to contribute to the right to reparation and to guarantees of non-repetition (see IDDRS 6.20 on DDR and Transitional Justice).  DDR programmes are complex endeavours, with political, military, security, humanitarian and socio-economic dimensions. The establishment of a DDR programme is usually agreed to and defined within a ceasefire, the ending of hostilities or a comprehensive peace agreement. This provides the political, policy and operational framework for the DDR programme. More generally, lessons and experiences have shown that the following preconditions are required for the implementation of a viable DDR programme:   the signing of a negotiated ceasefire and/or peace agreement that provides the framework for DDR;  trust in the peace process; willingness of the parties to the armed conflict to engage in DDR; and a minimum guarantee of security.  DDR programmes provide a framework for their coordination, management and implementation by national Governments with support from the UN system, international financial institutions, and regional stakeholders. They establish the expected outcomes, outputs and activities required, organize costing requirements into a budget, and set the monitoring and evaluation framework by identifying indicators, targets and milestones.  The UN\u2019s integrated approach to DDR acknowledges that planning for DDR programmes shall be initiated as early as possible, even before a ceasefire and/or peace agreement is signed, before sufficient trust is built in the peace process, and before minimum conditions of security are reached that enable the parties to the conflict to engage willingly in DDR (see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated DDR Planning).   DDR programmes alone cannot resolve conflict or prevent violence, and such programmes need to be firmly anchored in an overall political and peacebuilding strategy. However, DDR programmes can contribute to security and stability so that other elements of a political and peacebuilding strategy, such as elections and power sharing, weapons and ammunition management, security sector reform (SSR) and rule of law reform, can proceed (see IDDRS 6.10 on DDR and SSR).     In recent years, DDR practitioners have increasingly been deployed in settings where the preconditions for DDR programmes are not in place. In some contexts, a peace agreement may have been signed but the armed groups have lost trust in the peace process or reneged on the terms of the deal. In other settings, where there are multiple armed groups, some may sign on to a peace agreement while others do not. In contexts of violent extremism conducive to terrorism, peace agreements are only a remote possibility.  It is not solely the lack of ceasefire agreements or peace processes that m
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        "Paragraph": "5. UN DDR in mission and non-mission settings The UN has been involved in integrated DDR across the peace continuum since the late 1980s. During the past 25 years, the UN has amassed considerable experience and knowledge of the coordination, design, implementation, financing, and monitoring and evaluation of DDR programmes. Over the past 10 years the UN has also gained similar experience in the use of DDR-related tools and reintegration support when the preconditions for DDR programmes are not present. Integrated DDR originates from various parts of the UN\u2019s core mandate, as set out in the Charter of the UN, particularly the areas of peace and security, economic and social development, human rights and humanitarian assistance.  UN departments, agencies, programmes and funds are uniquely able to support integrated DDR processes both in mission settings, where peace operations are in place, and in non-mission settings, where there is no peace operation present, providing breadth of scope, neutrality, impartiality and capacity-building through the sharing of technical DDR skills.",
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        "Paragraph": "5.1    DDR in mission settings Mission settings are those situations in which peace operations are deployed through peacekeeping operations, political missions and good offices engagements, by the UN or a regional organization. Where peace operations are mandated to manage and resolve an actual or potential conflict within States, DDR is generally mandated through a UN Security Council resolution, ideally within the framework of a ceasefire and/or a comprehensive peace agreement with specific provisions on DDR. Decision-making and accountability rest with the Special Representative or Special Envoy of the Secretary-General. Missions with a DDR mandate usually include a dedicated DDR component to support the design and implementation of a nationally led DDR programme. When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, the Security Council may also mandate UN peace operations to implement specific DDR-related tools, such as CVR, to support the creation of a conducive environment for a DDR programme. These types of DDR-related tools can also be designed and implemented to contribute to other mandated priorities such as the protection of civilians, stabilization and support to the overall peace process.  Integrated disarmament, demobilization (including reinsertion) and other DDR-related tools (except those covering reintegration support) fall under the responsibility of the UN peace operation\u2019s DDR component. The reintegration component will be supported and/or undertaken in an integrated manner very often by relevant agencies, funds and programmes within the United Nations Country Team (UNCT), as well as international financial institutions, under the leadership of the Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General (DSRSG)/Humanitarian Coordinator (HC)/Resident Coordinator (RC), who will designate lead agency(ies). The DDR mission component shall therefore work in close coordination with the UNCT. The UN DSRSG/HC/RC should establish a UN DDR Working Group at the country level with co-chairs to be defined, as appropriate, to coordinate the contributions of the UNCT and international financial institutions to integrated DDR. While UN military and police contingents provide a minimum level of security, support from other mission components may include communications, gender equality, women\u2019s empowerment, and youth and child protection. With regard to special political missions and good offices engagements, DDR implementation structures and partnerships may need to be adjusted to the mission\u2019s composition as the mandate evolves. This adjustment can take account of needs at the country level, most notably with regard to the size and capacities of the DDR component, uniformed personnel and other relevant technical expertise. In the case of peace operations, the Security Council mandate also forms the basis for assessed funding for all activities related to disarmament, demobilization (including reinsertion) and DDR-related tools (except those covering reintegration support). Fundraising for reintegration assistance and other activities needs to be conducted by Governments and/or regional organizations with support from United Nations peace operations, agencies, funds and programmes, bilateral donors and relevant international financial institutions. Regarding special political missions and good offices engagements, support to integrated DDR planning and implementation may require extra-budgetary funding in the form of voluntary contributions and the establishment of alternative financial management structures, such as a dedicated multi-donor trust fund.",
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        "Paragraph": "5.2 DDR in non-mission settings  Non-mission settings are those situations in which there is no peace operation deployed to a country, either through peacekeeping, political missions or good offices engagements, by either the UN or regional organizations. In countries where there is no United Nations peace operation mandated by the Security Council, UN DDR support will be provided when either a national Government and/or UN RC requests assistance.  The disarmament and demobilization components of a DDR programme will be undertaken by national institutions with advice and technical support from relevant UN departments, agencies, programmes and funds, the UNCT, regional organizations and bilateral actors. The reintegration component will be supported and/or implemented by the UNCT and relevant international financial institutions in an integrated manner. When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, the implementation of specific DDR-related tools, such as CVR, and/or reintegration support, may be considered. The alignment of CVR initiatives in non-mission contexts with reintegration assistance is essential.  Decision-making and accountability for UN-supported DDR rest, in this context, with the UN RC, who will identify one or more UN lead agency(ies) in the UNCT based on in-country capacity and expertise. The UN RC should establish a UN DDR Working Group co-chaired by the lead agency(ies) at the country level to coordinate the contribution of the UNCT to integrated DDR, including on issues related to gender equality, women\u2019s empowerment, youth and child protection, and support to persons with disabilities.  DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support, where applicable, will require the allocation of national budgets and/or the mobilization of voluntary contributions, including through the establishment of financial management structures, such as a dedicated multi-donor trust fund or catalytic funding provided by the Peacebuilding Fund (PBF).",
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        "Paragraph": "6. When is DDR appropriate? Violent conflicts do not always completely cease when a political settlement is reached or a peace agreement is signed. There remains a real danger that violence will flare up again during the immediate post-conflict period, because putting right the political, security, social and economic problems and other root causes of war is a long-term project. Furthermore, peace operations are often mandated in contexts where an agreement is yet to be reached or where a peace process is yet to be initiated or is only partially initiated. In non-mission contexts, requests from the Government for the UN to support DDR are made either when ceasefires are reached or when a peace agreement or a comprehensive peace agreement is signed. This is why practitioners should decide whether DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and/or reintegration support constitute the most appropriate response to a particular situation. A DDR programme will only be appropriate when the preconditions referred to above are in place.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.1 When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, the reintegration of former combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups may be supported in line with the sustaining peace approach, i.e., during conflict escalation, conflict and post-conflict. Furthermore, practitioners may choose from a menu of DDR-related tools. (See table above.)  Unlike DDR programmes, DDR-related tools are not designed to implement the terms of a peace agreement. Instead, when the preconditions for a DDR-programme are not in place, DDR-related tools may be used in line with United Nations Security Council and General Assembly mandates and broader strategic frameworks, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (UNSDCF), the Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) and/or the Integrated Strategic Framework. A gender- and child-sensitive approach should be applied to the planning, implementation and monitoring of DDR-related tools.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.2 When the preconditions for a DDR programme are in place When the preconditions are in place, the UN may support the establishment of DDR programmes. Other DDR-related tools can also be implemented before, after or alongside DDR programmes, as complementary measures (see table above).   The UN may employ or support a variety of DDR programming elements adapted to suit each context. These may include:  The disbanding of armed groups: Governments may request assistance to disband armed groups. The establishment of a DDR programme is agreed to and defined within a ceasefire, the ending of hostilities or a comprehensive peace agreement. Trust and commitment by the parties to the implementation of an agreement and minimum conditions of security are essential for the success of a DDR programme. Administratively, there is little difference between DDR programmes for armed forces and armed groups. Both may require the full registration of weapons and personnel, followed by the collection of information, referral and counselling that are needed before effective reintegration programmes can be put in place.  The rightsizing of armed forces or police: Governments may request assistance to downsize or restructure their armies or police and supporting institutional infrastructure (salaries, benefits, basic services, etc.). Such processes contribute to security sector reform (SSR) (see IDDRS 6.10 on DDR and Security Sector Reform). DDR practitioners should work in close collaboration with SSR experts while planning reintegration support to former members of armed forces.   The repatriation of foreign combatants and associated groups: Considering the regional dimensions of conflict, Governments may agree to assistance to repatriation. DDR programmes may need to become involved in repatriating national combatants and their civilian family members, as well as children associated with armed forces and groups who may have crossed an international border. Such repatriation needs to be in accordance with the principle of non-refoulement, as set out in international humanitarian, human rights and refugee law (see IDDRS 2.11 on The Legal Framework for UN DDR). While DDR programmes are primarily used to address the security challenges posed by members of armed forces and groups, provisions should be made for the inclusion of other groups (including civilians and youth at risk), depending on resources and local circumstances. National institutions should be supported to determine the policy on direct benefits and reintegration assistance during a DDR programme. Civilians and civil society groups in communities to which members of the abovementioned groups will return should be consulted during the planning and design phase of DDR programmes, as well as informed and supported in order to assist them to receive ex-combatants and their dependents/families during the reintegration phase.",
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        "Paragraph": "7. Who is DDR for? Five categories of people should be taken into consideration, as participants and beneficiaries, in integrated DDR processes. This will depend on the context, and the particular combination of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools, and reintegration support in use:  1)\tmembers of armed forces and groups who served in combat and/or support roles (those in support roles are often referred to as being associated with armed forces and groups); 2)\tabductees/victims; 3)\tdependents/families; 4)\tcivilian returnees/\u2019self-demobilized\u2019; 5)\tcommunity members.  Consideration should be given to addressing the specific needs of women, youth, children, persons with disabilities, and persons with chronic illnesses in each of these five categories. National actors, such as Governments, political parties, the military, signatory and non-signatory armed groups, non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations and the media are all stakeholders in integrated DDR processes along with international actors.",
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        "Paragraph": "8. What principles guide UN DDR? All UN DDR programmes, DDR-related tools, and reintegration support shall be voluntary, people-centred, gender-responsive and inclusive, conflict sensitive, context specific, flexible, accountable and transparent, nationally and locally owned, regionally supported, integrated and well planned.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.1 Voluntary Integrated DDR shall be a voluntary process for both armed forces and groups, both as organizations and individual (ex)combatants. Groups and individuals shall not be coerced to participate. This principle has become even more important, but contested, in contemporary conflict environments where the participation of some combatants in nationally, locally, or privately supported efforts is arguably involuntary, for example as a result of their capture on the battlefield or their being forced into a DDR programme under duress.    Integrated DDR should not be conflated with military operations or counter-insurgency strategies. Although the UN does not generally engage in detention operations and DDR has traditionally been a voluntary process, the nature of conflict environments and the growing potential for overlap with State-led efforts countering violent extremism and counter-terrorism has increased the likelihood that the UN and other actors engaging in DDR may be faced with detention-related dilemmas. DDR practitioners should therefore pay particular attention to such questions when operating in complex conflict environments and seek legal advice if confronted with surrendered or captured combatants in overt military operations, or if there are any concerns regarding the voluntariness of persons participating in DDR. They should also be aware of requirements contained in Chapter VII resolutions of the Security Council that, among other things, call for Member States to bring terrorists to justice and oblige national authorities to ensure the prosecution of suspected terrorists as appropriate (see IDDRS 2.11 on The Legal Framework for UN DDR).",
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        "Paragraph": "8.2.1. Criteria for participation/eligibility Determining the criteria that define which people are eligible to participate in integrated DDR, particularly in situations where mainly armed groups are involved, is vital if aims are to be achieved. In DDR programmes, eligibility criteria must be carefully designed and ready for use in the disarmament and demobilization stages. DDR programmes are aimed at combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. These groups may be composed of different categories of people who have participated in the conflict within armed forces and groups such as abductees/victims or dependents/families.  In instances where the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, or where combatants are ineligible for DDR programmes, DDR-related tools, such as CVR, or support to reintegration may be provided. Determination of eligibility for these activities should be undertaken by relevant national and local authorities with support from UN missions, agencies, programmes and funds as appropriate. Armed groups in particular have a variety of structures \u2014 rebel groups, armed gangs, etc. In order to provide the best assistance, operational and implementation strategies that deal with their specific needs should be adopted.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.2.2. Unconditional release and protection of children The unconditional and immediate release of children associated with armed forces and groups must be a priority, irrespective of the status of peace negotiations and/or the development of DDR programmes and DDR-related tools. UN-supported DDR interventions shall not be allowed to encourage the recruitment of children into armed forces and groups in any way, especially by commanders trying to increase the number of combatants entering DDR programmes in order to profit from assistance provided to combatants. When DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support are implemented, children shall be separated from armed forces and groups and handed over to child protection agencies. Children will then be supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities (see IDDRS 5.30 on Children and DDR). Only child protection practitioners should interview children associated with armed forces and groups.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "UN-supported integrated DDR processes promote the human rights of participants and the communities into which they integrate, and are conducted in line with international humanitarian, human rights and refugee law. The UN and its partners should be neutral, transparent and impartial, and should not take sides in any conflict or in political, racial, religious or ideological controversies, or give preferential treatment to different parties taking part in DDR.  Neutrality within a rights-based approach should not, however, prevent UN personnel from protesting against or documenting human rights violations or taking some other action (e.g., advocacy, simple presence, political steps, local negotiations, etc.) to prevent them. Under the UN's Human Rights Due Diligence Policy (HRDDP), providers of support have a responsibility to monitor the related human rights context, to suspend support under certain circumstances and to engage with national authorities towards addressing violations. Where one or more parties or individuals violate agreements and undertakings, the UN can take appropriate remedial action and/or exclude individuals from DDR.  Humanitarian aid must be delivered to all those who are suffering, according to their need, and human rights provide the framework on which an assessment of needs is based. However, mechanisms must also be designed to prevent those who have committed violations of human rights from going unpunished by ensuring that DDR programmes, related tools and reintegration support do not operate as a reward system for the worst violators. In many post-conflict situations, there is often a tension between reconciliation and justice, but efforts must be made to ensure that serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law by ex-combatants and their supporters are dealt with through appropriate national and international legal and/or transitional justice mechanisms. Children released from their association with armed forces and groups who have committed war crimes and mass violations of human rights may also be criminally responsible under national law, though any criminal responsibility must be in accordance with international juvenile justice standards and the International Criminal Court Policy on Children (see IDDRS 5.20 on Youth and DDR, and IDDRS 5.30 on Children and DDR). UN-supported DDR interventions should take into consideration local and international mechanisms for achieving justice and accountability, as well as respect for the rule of law, including any accountability, justice and reconciliation mechanisms that may be established with respect to crimes committed in a particular Member State. These can take various forms, depending on the specificities of the local context.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.3 Gender responsive and inclusive  Like men and boys, women and girls are likely to have played many different roles in armed forces and groups, as fighters, supporters, wives or sex slaves, messengers and cooks. The design and implementation of integrated DDR processes should aim to address the specific needs of women and girls, as well as men and boys, taking into account these different experiences, roles, capacities and responsibilities acquired during and after conflicts. Specific measures should be put in place to ensure the equal and meaningful participation of women in all stages of integrated DDR \u2014 from the negotiation of DDR provisions in peace agreements and the establishment of national institutions, to CVR and community-based reintegration support (see IDDRS 5.10 on Gender and DDR). Non-discrimination and fair and equitable treatment are core principles in both the design and implementation of integrated DDR processes. The eligibility criteria for DDR shall not discriminate against individuals on the basis of sex, age, gender identity, race, religion, nationality, ethnic origin, political opinion, or other personal characteristics or associations. Furthermore, the opportunities/benefits that eligible ex-combatants have access to when participating in a particular DDR process shall not discriminate against individuals on the basis of their former affiliation with a particular armed force or group. It is likely there will be a need to address potential \u2018spoilers\u2019, e.g., by negotiating \u2018special packages\u2019 for commanders in order to secure their buy-in and to ensure that they allow combatants to participate. This political compromise must be carefully negotiated on a case-by-case basis. Furthermore, the inclusion of youth at risk and other non-combatants should also be seen as a measure helping to prevent future recruitment.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.4 Conflict sensitive  \u2018Do no harm\u2019 is a standard principle against which all DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support shall be evaluated at all times. No false promises shall be made; and, ultimately, no individual or community should be made less secure by the return of ex-combatants or the presence of UN peacekeeping, police or civilian personnel. The establishment of UN-supported prevention, protection and monitoring mechanisms (including systems for ensuring access to justice and police protection, etc.) is essential to prevent and punish sexual and gender-based violence, harassment and intimidation, or any other violation of human rights. It is particularly important to consider \u2018do no harm\u2019 when assessing the reinsertion and reintegration options for female fighters or women and girls associated with armed forces and groups.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.5 Context specific Integrated DDR needs to be flexible and context-specific in order to address national, regional, and global realities. DDR should consider the nature of armed groups, conflict drivers, peace opportunities, gender dynamics, and community dynamics. All UN or UN-supported DDR interventions shall be designed to take local conditions and needs into account. The IDDRS provide DDR practitioners with comprehensive guidance and analytical tools for the planning and design of DDR rather than a standard formula that is applicable to every situation.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.6.1 Flexible, sustainable and transparent funding arrangements Due to the complex and dynamic nature of integrated DDR processes, flexible and long-term funding arrangements are essential. The multidimensional nature of DDR requires an initial investment of staff and funds for planning and programming, as well as accessible and sustainable sources of funding throughout the different phases of implementation. Funding mechanisms, including trust funds, pooled funding, etc., and the criteria established for the use of funds shall be flexible. Past experience has shown that assigning funds exclusively for specific DDR components (e.g., disarmament and demobilization) or expenditures (e.g., logistics and equipment) sets up an artificial distinction between the different elements of a DDR programme and makes it difficult to implement the programme in an integrated, flexible and dynamic way. The importance of planning and initiating reinsertion and reintegration support activities at the start of a DDR programme has become increasingly evident, so adequate financing for reintegration needs to be secured in advance. This should help to prevent delays or gaps in implementation that could threaten or undermine the programme\u2019s credibility and viability (see IDDRS 3.41 on Finance and Budgeting).",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "8.6.2 Accountability and transparency  In order to build confidence and ensure legitimacy, and to justify financial and technical support by international actors, DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support are, from the very beginning, predicated on the principles of accountability and transparency. Post-conflict stabilization and the establishment of immediate security are the overall goals of DDR, but integrated DDR also takes place in a wider recovery and reconstruction framework. While both short-term and long-term strategies should be developed in the planning phase, due to the dynamic and volatile conflict and post-conflict context, interventions must be flexible and adaptable.  The UN aims to establish transparent mechanisms for the independent monitoring, oversight and evaluation of integrated DDR and its financing mechanisms. It also attempts to create an environment in which all stakeholders understand and are accountable for achieving broad objectives and implementing the details of integrated DDR processes, even if circumstances change. Many types of accountability are needed to ensure transparency, including: the commitment of the national authorities and the parties to a peace agreement or political framework to honour the agreements they have signed and implement DDR programmes in good faith; the accountability and transparency of all relevant actors in contexts where the preconditions for DDR are not in place and alternative DDR-related tools and reintegration support measures are implemented; the accountability of national and international implementing agencies to the five categories of persons who can become participants in DDR for the professional and timely carrying out of activities and delivery of services; the adherence of all parts of the UN system (missions, departments, agencies, programmes and funds) to IDDRS principles and guidance for designing and implementing DDR; the commitment of Member States and bilateral partners to provide timely political and financial support to integrated DDR processes. Although DDR practitioners should always aim to meet core commitments, setbacks and unforeseen events should be expected. Flexibility and contingency planning are therefore needed. It is essential to establish realistic goals and make reasonable promises to those involved, and to explain setbacks to stakeholders and participants in order to maintain their confidence and cooperation.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.7. Nationally and locally owned Ensuring national and local ownership is crucial to the success of integrated DDR. National ownership ensures that DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support are informed by an understanding of the local context, the dynamics of the conflict, and the dynamics between ex-combatants and community members. Even when receiving financial and technical assistance from partners, it is the responsibility of national Governments to ensure coordination between government ministries and local government, between Government and national civil society, and between Government and external partners.  In contexts where national capacity is weak, a Government exerts national ownership by building the capacity of its national institutions, by contributing to the integrated DDR process and by creating links to other peacebuilding and development initiatives. This is particularly important in the case of reintegration support, as measures should be designed as part of national development and recovery efforts. National and local capacity must be systematically developed, as follows: Creating national and local institutional capacity: A primary role of the UN is to supply technical assistance, training and financial support to national authorities to establish credible, capable, representative and sustainable national institutions and programmes. Such assistance should be based on an assessment and understanding of the particular context and the type of DDR activities to be implemented, including commitments to gender equality.  Finding implementing partners: Besides national institutions, civil society is a key partner in DDR. The technical capacity and expertise of civil society groups will often need to be strengthened, particularly when conflict has diminished human and financial resources. Particular attention should be paid to supporting the capacity development of women\u2019s civil society groups to ensure equal participation as partners in DDR. Doing so will help to create a sustainable environment for DDR and to ensure its long-term success. Employing local communities and authorities: Local communities and authorities play an important role in ensuring the sustainability of DDR, particularly in support of reintegration and the implementation of DDR-related tools. Therefore, their capacities for strategic planning and programme and/or financial management must be strengthened. Local authorities and populations, ex-combatants and their dependents/families, and women and girls formerly associated with armed forces and groups shall all be involved in the planning, implementation and monitoring of integrated DDR processes. This is to ensure that the needs of both individuals and the community are addressed. Increased local ownership builds support for reintegration and reconciliation efforts and supports other local peacebuilding and recovery processes.  As the above list shows, national ownership involves more than just central government leadership: it includes the participation of a broad range of State and non-State actors at national, provincial and local levels. Within the IDDRS framework, the UN supports the development of a national DDR strategy, not only by representatives of the various parties to the conflict, but also by civil society; and it encourages the active participation of affected communities and groups, particularly those formerly marginalized in DDR and post-conflict reconstruction processes, such as representatives of women\u2019s groups, children\u2019s advocates, people from minority communities, and persons with disabilities and chronic illness.  In supporting national institutions, the UN, along with key international and regional actors, can help to ensure broad national ownership, adherence to international principles, credibility, transparency and accountability (see IDDRS 3.30 on National Institutions for DDR).",
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        "Paragraph": "8.8 Regionally supported The regional causes of conflict and the political, social and economic interrelationships among neighbouring States sharing insecure borders will present challenges in the implementation of DDR. Managing repatriation and the cross-border movement of weapons and armed groups requires careful coordination among UN agencies and regional organizations supporting DDR, both in the countries concerned and in neighbouring countries where there may be spill-over effects. The return of foreign former combatants and mercenaries may be a particular problem and will require a separate strategy (see IDDRS 5.40 on Cross-Border Population Movements). Most notably, UN actors need to engage regional stakeholders in order to foster a conducive regional environment, including support from neighbouring countries, for DDR interventions addressing armed groups operating on foreign national territory and with regional structures.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.9. Integrated  From the earliest assessment phase and throughout all stages of strategy development, planning and implementation, it is essential to encourage integration and unity of effort within the UN system and with national players. It is also important to coordinate the participation of international partners so as to achieve common objectives. Joint assessments and programming are key to ensuring that DDR programmes in both mission and non-mission contexts are implemented in an integrated manner. DDR practitioners should also strive for an integrated approach in contexts where DDR programmes are used in combination with DDR-related tools, and in settings where the preconditions for DDR programmes are absent (see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated Planning).",
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        "Paragraph": "8.10.1. Safety and security  Given that DDR is aimed at groups who are a security risk and is implemented in fragile security environments, both risks and operational security and safety protocols should be decided on before the planning and implementation of activities. These should include the security and safety needs of UN and partner agency personnel involved in DDR operations, DDR participants (who will have many different needs) and members of local communities. Security and other services must be provided either by UN military and/or a UN police component or national police and security forces. Security concerns should be included in operational plans, and clear criteria, in line with the UN Programme Criticality Framework, should be established for starting, delaying, suspending or cancelling activities and/or operations, should security risks be too high.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.10.2. Planning: assessment, design, monitoring and evaluation  Integrated DDR processes shall be designed on the basis of detailed quantitative and qualitative data. Supporting information management systems should ensure that this data remains up to date, accurate and accessible. In the planning stages, information is gathered on the location of armed forces and groups, the demographics of their members (grouped according to sex and age), their weapons stocks, and the political and conflict dynamics at national and local levels. Surveys of national and local labour market conditions and reintegration opportunities should be undertaken. Regularly updating this information, as well as population-specific surveys (e.g., with women associated with armed forces and groups), allows for DDR to adapt to changing circumstances (also see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated Planning, IDDRS 3.20 on DDR Programme Design and IDDRS 3.30 on National Institutions for DDR). Internal and external monitoring and evaluation mechanisms must be established from the start to strengthen accountability within integrated DDR, ensure quality in the implementation and delivery of DDR activities and services, and allow for flexibility and adaptation of strategies and activities when required. Monitoring and evaluation should be based on an integrated approach to metrics, and produce lessons learned and best practices that will influence the further development of IDDRS policy and practice (see IDDRS 3.50 on Monitoring and Evaluation of DDR Programmes).",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "8.10.3. Public information and community sensitization  Public information, awareness-raising and community sensitization ensure that affected communities and participants receive accurate information on DDR procedures and benefits. The sharing of information helps generate broad public support and national ownership, and at the same time manages expectations and encourages behavioural change, the demilitarization of hearts and minds, and reconciliation between ex-combatants and war-affected communities. Public information strategies should be drawn up and implemented as early as possible. Messages should be appropriately tailored for different audiences, considering gender and cultural dimensions in design and delivery, and should employ many different and locally appropriate means of communication (see IDDRS 4.60 on Public Information and Strategic Communication in Support of DDR).",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 2.10_The UN Approach to DDR_validated copy-edit clean_19 Nov 2019",
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        "Paragraph": "8.10.4. Transition and exit strategies While DDR programmes last for a specific period of time that includes the immediate post-conflict situation and the transition and early recovery periods, other aspects of DDR may need to be continued, albeit in a different form. DDR-related tools can be initiated after DDR programmes, such as when the disarmament of armed groups is followed by community-based weapons and ammunition management. Reintegration assistance also becomes an integral part of recovery and development. To ensure a smooth transition from one stage to another, an exit strategy should be defined as soon as possible, and should focus on how integrated DDR will seamlessly transform into broader and/or longer-term development strategies, such as security sector reform, violence prevention, socio-economic recovery, national reconciliation, peacebuilding, gender equality and poverty reduction.   Annex A: Abbreviations  A4P\t\tAction for Peacekeeping CEDAW\tConvention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CVR\t\tcommunity violence reduction HIPPO\t\tHigh-Level Independent Panel of Peace Operations HRDDP\tHuman Rights Due Diligence Policy HRP\t\tHumanitarian Response Plan NWoW\t\tNew Way of Working PBF\t\tPeacebuilding Fund SDGs\t\tSustainable Development Goals SSR\t\tsecurity sector reform UDHR\t\tUniversal Declaration of Human Rights UNCT\t\tUN Country Team UN DSRSG\tUN Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General UN HC\t\tUN Humanitarian Coordinator UN RC\t\tUN Resident Coordinator UNSDCF\tUN Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework WAM\t\tweapons and ammunition management",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Paragraph": "Contents Summary 1. Module scope and objectives 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations 3. Introduction 4. Guiding principles 4.1 Unconditional release and protection of children 4.2 Gender responsive and inclusive 4.3 Context specific 4.4 Flexible, accountable and transparent 4.5 Nationally and locally owned 4.6 Integrated 4.7 Transition and exit strategies 5. General DDR planning framework and considerations 5.1 Content considerations 5.2 Design considerations 6. Assessment \u2013 general guidance 6.1 Pre-analysis: Situating the DDR planning process 6.2 Situation assessment 6.2.1 Overall context 6.2.2 DDR-specific elements 6.2.3 DDR-relevant elements 7. Design of a DDR strategy \u2013 general guidance 8. Risk management \u2013 general guidance 8.1 Standard risk management steps 8.2 When to embed risk management in DDR planning 9. Outreach \u2013 general guidance 10. Planning document/DDR strategy \u2013 general guidance on structure 10.1 Content of the DDR strategy  11. General guidance for the finalization of strategic planning 12. Organizational considerations DDR planning \u2013 general guidance 12.1 Structures Annex A: Abbreviations  3.10 Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Paragraph": "Summary Successful international support of DDR processes demands considerable planning. Given the many different actors involved in the various stages of DDR processes and the complex links within DDR processes and with other conflict or post-conflict responses, integrated planning, effective coordination and coherent reporting arrangements are essential. Past experiences have highlighted the need for the various actors involved in planning and implementing DDR, and monitoring its impacts, to work together in a complementary way that avoids duplication of effort or competition for funds and other resources. This module provides guidance for conducting the strategic planning of international support to DDR processes. Such planning is anchored in established DDR principles and aims to strengthen national leadership and ownership. It begins with an integrated assessment of context, needs, capacities and mandates that provides the basis for the identification of the most appropriate DDR processes, the formulation of strategic approaches with clear objectives, and the determination of clear roles and responsibilities.  Strategic planning shall be gender responsive and include a robust risk management element throughout the process, as well as a comprehensive outreach and communication dimension tailored to the relevant DDR audiences, in order to secure buy-in and enable implementation. The process should result in a comprehensive strategic plan of support, a DDR strategy, to which individual entities (UN peace operations; UN agencies, funds and programmes; national authorities/stakeholders; other Member States/donors; and implementing partners) contribute through their respective programmatic instruments (e.g., mission plans, country and programme documents).",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Paragraph": "1. Module scope and objectives  This module outlines a general strategic planning process for providing and structuring support for DDR processes. The scope of the module covers all DDR measures \u2013 jointly constituting a process \u2013 presented in IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR: DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support in all relevant contexts, including UN mission and non-mission settings, as well as in contexts where preconditions for DDR programmes do not exist.  The planning process should be cognizant of the context, needs and capacities, and determine which types of interventions, or a combination thereof, are the most appropriate.  In particular, this module provides guidance on:  Situating the planning of DDR processes within the broader national and regional context; Undertaking analyses and assessments to provide data and evidence for strategic choices, and identifying knowledge gaps (discussed in greater detail in IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments for DDR); Identifying the appropriate DDR process, including the combination of measures to form such a process; Determining the goal of the DDR process;  Determining strategic objectives and the most appropriate course of action to meet these objectives; Articulating, in general terms, roles and responsibilities and identifying the key programmatic and operational dimensions for implementation (see IDDRS 3.20 on DDR Programme Design); Embedding risk management in the planning process as a critical enabler of plan delivery;  Designing a planning process that is both inclusive and rigorous, including using the most appropriate  planning techniques at any given moment, and identifying the right planning products for the types of actions considered; and Determining and accessing the capacities and skills required to ensure an efficient, effective and integrated DDR planning process. This module provides guidance at the strategic planning level. More detailed coverage of the programming and monitoring and evaluation of DDR processes is found in IDDRS 3.20 on DDR Programme Design and IDDRS 3.50 on Monitoring and Evaluation of DDR, respectively. Assessments needed for DDR planning are discussed in greater detail in IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments for DDR.",
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        "Paragraph": "2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations Annex A contains a list of abbreviations used in this standard. A complete glossary of all the terms, definitions and abbreviations used in the series of integrated DDR standards (IDDRS) is given in IDDRS 1.20. In the IDDRS series, the words \u2018shall\u2019, \u2018should\u2019, \u2018may\u2019, \u2018can\u2019 and \u2018must\u2019 are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance with the standards laid down. This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines:  a) \u2018shall\u2019 is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in  order to conform to the standard;  b) \u2018should\u2019 is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications;  c) \u2018may\u2019 is used to indicate a possible method or course of action;  d) \u2018can\u2019 is used to indicate a possibility and capability;  e) \u2018must\u2019 is used to indicate an external constraint or obligation.  In addition, this module defines planning as the process of setting objectives, determining the proper course of action to achieve these objectives, and aligning the means with the course of action.",
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        "Paragraph": "3. Introduction  The successful implementation of DDR processes often requires difficult compromises and trade-offs among various political, security, humanitarian, human rights and development considerations. It hinges on intense and careful coordination of interventions among a wide range of national and international actors across multiple phases and dimensions of DDR, all implemented under a clear, coherent and shared vision of what needs to happen and which objectives need to be met. It also entails a thorough understanding of context, interests and risks, as well as careful consideration of operational realities and requirements. Whatever the type of DDR process, the nature of DDR carries high risks for all those involved, from direct participants to beneficiaries, such as host communities, Governments, implementing actors and donors (see IDDRS 3.21 on DDR Process Stakeholders).  For the UN and its partners, supporting Government-led DDR processes requires rigorous and inclusive planning, undertaken to achieve alignment between needs, expectations, objectives, DDR processes and approaches, roles and capacities. To ensure that DDR programmes effectively address the different experiences of men and women, and acknowledge the implications of gender identities in relation to violence, gender perspective needs to be mainstreamed and addressed as early as possible in the design and planning of DDR programmes. To ensure this, assessment teams shall deploy gender expertise, including both international and national gender experts, together with DDR experts. Methodology shall ensure the involvement of local experts, women\u2019s groups and organizations working for gender equality. Sufficient resources for translators, notetakers and other aids to equal participation shall be planned for in advance of field activities. The module\u2019s content and the guidance it provides are based on the recognition that planning DDR processes is a challenging task, for a number of reasons, including: The complexity and highly political sensitivities involved across all types of DDR processes (see IDDRS 2.20 on The Politics of DDR), which may at times translate into resistance or pressures during the planning phase, including the pressure to \u2018rush into doing\u2019 before proper planning has been undertaken. The diversity, complexity and fluidity of contexts in which DDR processes take place, including the evolving nature of conflicts. The absence of reliable information required to implement DDR processes adequately (e.g., exact number of combatants or weapons). The number of national and international actors that need to be involved in or consulted during the planning phase.  Competing priorities within DDR processes and beyond, and the political, financial and technical pressures that emanate from these competing priorities. The unique political challenges often posed by addressing the specific needs of men, women, boys and girls, as well as marginalized groups, and the additional human and financial resources required to ensure the planning process is gender responsive.  The need to identify, analyse and manage links between DDR processes and many other crisis and conflict management, peacebuilding and sustaining peace imperatives (e.g., security sector reform [SSR], conflict recovery and reconstruction, poverty alleviation and promotion of gender equality). It is important for actors involved in planning DDR to be aware of the challenges and to formulate strategic planning that recognizes and, to the extent possible, manages them. These challenges do not dissipate once the planning is over. Many carry over into the implementation phase. Therefore, strategic planning must establish adequate controls, in the form of risk management measures, for implementation. The module therefore places particular focus on strategic planning for risk management.",
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        "Paragraph": "4. Guiding principles  IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR sets out the main principles that guide all aspects of DDR processes. This section outlines how these principles apply to planning for DDR processes.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.1 Unconditional release and protection of children DDR strategic planning shall prioritize the immediate release of children associated with armed forces and groups, irrespective of the status of peace negotiations and/or the development of DDR programmes and DDR-related tools. When DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and/or reintegration support are implemented, children shall be separated from armed forces and groups and handed over to child protection agencies. Children will then be supported to demobilize and reintegrate into their families and communities (see IDDRS 5.30 on Children and DDR).",
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        "Paragraph": "4.2 Gender responsive and inclusive Non-discrimination and fair and equitable treatment are core principles in both the design and implementation of a DDR programme. There is considerable diversity in how individuals and groups understand, experience and express gender through the roles they take on, the expectations placed on them, their relations with others and the complex ways that gender is institutionalized in the strategic planning phase. Integrating gender in DDR requires that during strategic planning, practitioners take account of the specific needs of girls, women, men and boys with respect to both biological/sex differences and sociocultural gender differences, as well as the capacities they bring and contributions they can make. All DDR processes should be planned in a manner that promotes gender equality and should be grounded in a rights-based approach. In the strategic planning as well as implementation phases, DDR practitioners should be able to clearly distinguish between the practical and strategic needs of girls, women, boys and men in DDR and how this relates to all levels of design (see IDDRS 5.10 on Women, Gender and DDR).",
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        "Paragraph": "4.3 Context specific DDR strategic planning shall be conducted in a manner that is sensitive to political and social realities, including the use of appropriate terminologies associated with DDR interventions. (In some instances, the term \u2018DDR\u2019 itself may not be accepted, and DDR practitioners may need to offer alternatives, such as \u2018interim stabilization measure\u2019 or nomenclature appropriate to the context and acceptable to the key parties.)",
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        "Paragraph": "4.4 Flexible, accountable and transparent DDR processes are collective endeavours, requiring multiple actors to be accountable to each other for constructive engagement during the strategic planning phase and for adherence to agreed outcomes from the planning phase (including mutual accountability of national and international actors).  DDR strategic planning takes place in highly fluid and complex environments and so it must be cognizant of, and respond to, changing circumstances. While it must follow established standards, DDR strategic planning shall be carried out with flexibility \u2013 for example, with regard to timelines and participants. In addition, it is essential for those responsible for the planning of DDR to avoid preconceived solutions and to be prepared to adapt throughout the planning phase, as changes are inevitable. DDR strategic planning presents the opportunity to explore and agree on ambitious but realistic goals, objectives, roles and responsibilities. In the course of making such determinations, it is essential to set expectations of all partners at the right level, and especially for UN and other international partners not to over-promise.  To secure trust and buy-in for implementation of DDR processes, and to ensure that expectations are clear for all relevant actors, strategic planning must be transparent in its aims, conduct and outcomes. In particular, those engaging in the planning phase must be clear about their interests, mandates and capacities and the constituents they represent.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.5 Nationally and locally owned As is true for the DDR process as a whole, the ownership of the strategic planning process, notwithstanding who is conducting it, shall be nationally owned (see IDDRS 3.30 on National Ownership and National Institutions in DDR). National ownership does not always occur naturally, which makes it the responsibility of the stakeholders in strategic planning to foster ownership through inclusion of national actors in planning processes. DDR strategic planning shall never be done in isolation. It shall be conducted in alignment with the stabilization, peacebuilding and/or recovery framework, with synergies throughout the humanitarian- development-peace nexus. In particular, and in line with IDDRS 2.20 on The Politics of DDR, planning shall identify the political strategy or strategies to which the DDR processes will contribute.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.6 Integrated Planning of DDR processes should involve all relevant UN agencies, departments, funds and programmes at both the headquarters and field levels, national counterparts, and funding and implementing partners. An integrated approach to planning shall aim to develop, to the extent possible:  A common framework (i.e., one that everyone involved uses) for developing, managing, funding and implementing a DDR strategic planning process. An integrated DDR management structure (unit or section), with the participation of staff from participating UN agencies, funds and programmes and primary reporting lines to the Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General in mission settings or Resident Coordinator in non-mission settings. Such an approach should include the co-location of staff, infrastructure and resources, as this allows for increased efficiency and reduced overhead costs, and brings about more responsive planning, implementation and coordination. Joint programmes that harness UN country team and mission resources into a single process and results-based approach to putting the DDR strategy into operation and achieving shared objectives. A single framework for managing multiple sources of funding, as well as for coordinating funding mechanisms, thus ensuring that resources are used to deal with common priorities and needs.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.7 Transition and exit strategies As DDR processes are nationally and locally owned, planning shall be structured to enable such processes to evolve towards full assumption of DDR functions by national actors. Over time, changes in the degree to which national and local actors can and do assume such functions will require adjustments to the roles played by international actors within their mandates, including UN peace operations. Where possible, Government and national DDR institutions should actively lead the strategic planning process and be supported by UN agencies, funds and programmes.",
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        "Paragraph": "5.1 Content considerations At the outset of the DDR planning phase, practitioners should frame and articulate the content considerations, in the form of questions that need to be answered throughout the planning phase. These will define what needs to happen during subsequent planning phases, data and evidence collection, who needs to participate, and other process considerations.  These questions include: What is the trigger, or reason, for planning DDR (e.g., Government request, UN Security Council mandate, peace agreement, changes in context, etc.)? Are there appropriate national policies and/or frameworks for DDR within which the planning process needs to unfold?  Is there a need to support national institutions/warring parties to develop a national policy and/or framework? What is the situation, and what are the needs and capacities?  What do we need to know before we proceed? What don\u2019t we know? What is the most appropriate combination of measures to form the DDR process? What are the objectives of the DDR process? What are conditions of success, and are there red lines for support (i.e., conditions that need to be met ex ante for the UN and partners to provide support \u2013 see IDDRS 2.11 on The Legal Framework for UN DDR)?  How will these objectives be achieved, and by whom? What resources (human, logistical, financial) will be needed? What could go wrong and/or affect achievement of the objectives? How will we know if the objectives are being achieved or have a chance of being achieved?",
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        "Paragraph": "5.2 Design considerations On the basis of this framing, key strategic planning design considerations include: Authority: To secure buy-in, the DDR practitioners should clearly articulate the authority \u2013 or authorities \u2013 under which the planning is being conducted (see content considerations above). Timing and duration of the strategic planning phase: This may be informed by specific DDR clauses or instructions in a peace agreement or related arrangements, by other milestones (national elections, funding deadlines, etc.) and/or by the timing of related responses (e.g., SSR). Both the timing and the duration of DDR planning are context specific, but the rationale for both should be carefully considered and clearly communicated to all relevant actors.  Participation: DDR planning shall be inclusive and reflective of the diversity of interests, needs and capacities. Hence, a clear plan for outreach and engagement strategies must be defined at the outset of the strategic planning phase (see section 9 and IDDRS 3.21 on DDR Process Stakeholders for specific guidance). This plan shall include who needs to be engaged and when, to prepare accordingly (including to secure the right capacity at the right time) and transparently communicate expectations of engagement.  Roles and responsibilities: To manage expectations and transaction costs, roles and responsibilities shall be defined at the outset with relation to specific planning functions, including, in particular, analysis and data collection, outreach coordination, communication, stress testing, drafting and finalization/approval.",
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        "Paragraph": "6. Assessment \u2013 general guidance  DDR practitioners should conduct two phases, pre-analysis and situation assessment, as follows: FIGURE 1: THE TWO PHASES OF THE DDR STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS",
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        "Paragraph": "6.1 Pre-analysis: Situating the DDR planning process The first step in developing a strategic plan for potential DDR processes is to situate the planning exercise at four levels: Moment: Why is strategic planning required now (e.g., UN Security Council mandate, peace agreement, specific Government request, changes on the ground)? Situating in the moment provides the authorizing framework(s) to guide planning. Scope: Based on the authorizing frameworks, are there predetermined boundaries to the strategic planning? These can be geographical (e.g., DDR processes across the entire country or in targeted locations), temporal, process specific (e.g., reintegration) and/or beneficiary specific. Audience: To whom will the strategic plan apply? Considering the nature of DDR processes, and the need for coherent approaches across a wide range of actors, strategic plans should provide for unity of effort to all relevant DDR actors, both national and international, who will then translate the plan into entity-specific programmes (see IDDRS 3.20 on DDR Programme Design). However, in some cases, the strategic plan may not apply to all actors. It is therefore important to clarify the plan\u2019s audience at the outset. Other plans: The relationship between the DDR strategic plan and other national and international plans must be clarified at the outset. At the national level, in particular, relevant plans with which the DDR planning process should be harmonized include national development, United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Frameworks (UNSDCF) peacebuilding and recovery plans, sectoral plans, and possible action plans to end and prevent grave violations against children. In contexts where a UN peace operation is deployed or being considered, it is important to align DDR planning with UN mission planning requirements and timelines, notably the timing and content relationship between: The DDR assessment and the UN systemwide strategic and technical assessments; and The DDR strategic plan and the Secretary-General\u2019s report to the UN Security Council.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.2 Situation assessment The DDR strategic plan should be based on an in-depth understanding of the international, regional, national or local context and the situation in which DDR is to be implemented, as this will shape the choice of DDR process, its objectives, overall approach and criteria for participation. The main elements of the contextual analysis shall always include the three dimensions that follow.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.2.1 Overall context The assessment shall begin with the broad political, social and economic characteristics of the operating environment, with a particular emphasis on:  The political situation, including recent evolution, current political arrangements and dispensation, and near-term milestones (e.g., elections) and risks to political stability that may impact DDR processes and the intersectionality with gender dynamics (see IDDRS 2.20 on The Politics of DDR for suggested assessment questions). The regional environment, the relationships between the country and its neighbours, and the regional dynamics that may influence DDR, including migration, displacement and organized criminal networks (see IDDRS 5.40 on Cross-Border Population Movements and IDDRS 6.40 on DDR and Organized Crime). The security situation, including a gendered understanding, and the sources, causes and triggers of armed conflict, with data on levels of armed violence and organized crime, levels and types of victimization, and local perceptions of security. The human rights situation, based on disaggregated data on patterns of political and socioeconomic exclusion and discrimination, and relevant institutional capacities and legal frameworks. The women, peace and security context, including the role women have played in conflict and in armed groups, the gender situation with regard to political and socioeconomic equality and opportunities, sexual and gender-based violence statistics and patterns, and relevant institutional capacities and legal frameworks (see IDDRS 5.10 on Women, Gender and DDR). Gender-specific needs, capacities, experiences and knowledge of women and men, including their relevant access to decision-making positions and resources, gender-specific vulnerabilities, gender dynamics, roles and images in society, based on sex-disaggregated qualitative and quantitative data and an analysis of gender roles and norms. The child protection situation, based on information and trends pertaining to grave violations against children, including the recruitment and use of children by armed forces and groups and opportunities for their reintegration (see IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR). The situation of youth, including levels of unemployment and disenfranchisement that may have led to recruitment into armed forces and groups,\u00a0as well as capacities to harness\u00a0for peace (see IDDRS 5.30 on Youth and DDR). The socioeconomic situation, including employment levels and opportunities, sources of economic growth and labour demand, national resource management, and regional and local disparities.  National infrastructure for social services, including measures of access across vulnerable populations (notably in health, psychosocial support, education and vocational training).",
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        "Paragraph": "6.2.2 DDR-specific elements DDR-specific elements that must be part of the overall assessment include: Current DDR and existing DDR frameworks (e.g., provisions in peace accord, amnesties, national strategies) and all relevant laws, treaties and conventions in force in the country that have a bearing on potential DDR, including regional and international arms control instruments. Existing national and local capacities for DDR processes (e.g., disarmament/weapons and ammunition management, demobilization, reintegration, community violence reduction [CVR]), including the release and reintegration of children associated with armed forces and groups with a focus on DDR-specific institutions (e.g., national commissions) as well as other relevant institutions (e.g., Ministries of Health, Education). Capacity of communities to absorb former members of armed forces and groups, including children and youth formerly associated with armed forces and groups, and/or to support community-based DDR processes (e.g., CVR). National and local budgetary allocations for DDR (past and present). DDR funding and donor strategies, past and present, and the level of support to fund new, additional or expanded DDR efforts. Overview of armed forces, groups and gangs, including age- and gender-disaggregated data, information on force/group strength, location, organization and structure, political affiliations, number and type of weapons, ammunition and explosives, etc.  In addition, the assessment should explore previous DDR efforts to understand achievements and challenges, and extract lessons that can inform future DDR. This should also include a critical examination of the role and track record of UN and other international actors in previous DDR processes. This assessment should inform the determination of roles and responsibilities (see section 7).",
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        "Paragraph": "6.2.3 DDR-relevant elements In addition to the overall context and DDR-specific dimensions, the assessment must cover other elements to which DDR may be connected: Local and national peace mediation efforts; Reconciliation and transitional justice frameworks and initiatives (see IDDRS 6.20 on DDR and Transitional Justice); Status of SSR (see IDDRS 6.10 on DDR and Security Sector Reform); Stabilization, peacebuilding, recovery and reconstruction plans; Women, peace and security; and Any other sustaining peace initiatives of potential relevance. Across these different elements, the assessment should strive to establish a baseline against which to measure strategies and changes that would be directly attributable to planned DDR or to which DDR could contribute.",
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        "Paragraph": "7. Design of a DDR strategy \u2013 general guidance Based on the assessments, as described in section 6 above and in IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments for DDR, the design of a DDR strategy should follow a structured planning phase, focusing on the intersection between what is needed and what can be done.  What is needed combines the situation on the ground and what is being requested (by Government, the Security Council, etc.). What can be done is determined by capacities (human and financial, existing and to be mobilized) and red lines (see IDDRS 2.11 on The Legal Framework for DDR and IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction). The intersection between these two dimensions provides the framework for the DDR process. Within this framework, DDR practitioners should follow the sequence of steps outlined below.  Step 1 It is important to make the rationale for the type of DDR process very explicit, linking it to the nature of the problem(s) and explaining why the selected process is the most appropriate under the current context (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR). (Note: DDR planning is susceptible to cognitive bias risk, whereby solutions that were implemented in another context are replicated because the two environments share similar features. Basing the planning as much as possible on a detailed analysis of the target country/context [see IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments for DDR] should help overcome this bias.) When selecting DDR processes, it is often useful for DDR practitioners to articulate alternatives and explore why they would not be viable and appropriate solutions to the identified problem(s). A planner should also keep in mind that, if a diligent planning process leads to the conclusion not to pursue DDR in a given context, that is a valid planning recommendation. Step 2 It is important to determine the scale and scope of the DDR process, notably with regard to geographical location, and definition, type and number of potential participants and beneficiaries. If relevant, the planning should define any prioritization of location and/or participants and beneficiaries. For armed groups, for example, prioritization should be based on their involvement in or potential to cause violence, or otherwise affect security and the peace process (where relevant). Groups with specific needs, such as women, men, persons with disabilities and persons with chronic illnesses, should be explicitly identified. Step 3  The critical step of establishing roles and responsibilities must cover all relevant national and international actors in the DDR process. IDDRS 3.21 on DDR Process Stakeholders and IDDRS 3.30 on National Ownership and National Institutions in DDR should be used for guidance. Roles and responsibilities will be different in mission and non-mission settings.  The objective is to determine, as explicitly as possible, the nature of the roles and responsibilities. In a DDR process, such roles will vary greatly, and include policymaking, strategic oversight, direct implementation, funding, logistics, advocacy, communication and/or monitoring.   Roles and responsibilities should be determined on the basis of mandates and capacities (including track record in country, if relevant, which should be examined as part of the assessment). As such, the planning should outline specific expected roles and responsibilities of all relevant actors, beyond DDR-specific institutions, such as institutions and partners providing access to social services (psychosocial, health, education, etc.).  This step is the opportunity to: Define the roles of all stakeholders, including vulnerable groups, as decision-makers in the process.  Enable each stakeholder to prepare accordingly, and to identify any capacity-building needs or other type of support that may be required prior to implementation, in addition to any capacity-building activities during implementation (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR\u2013 for further guidance). Identify and understand any source of resistance (or spoiler), and addres
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        "Paragraph": "8. Risk management \u2013 general guidance The implementation of DDR processes carries significant risks to all actors involved, from direct participants to donors, especially in contexts where there is active conflict. Therefore, planning such processes must include a robust risk management dimension, to ensure that all potential risks are identified and addressed both before and during implementation. The planning of DDR lends itself well to robust risk management in three ways:  1. The implementation focus: Risk management must be understood and used as an enabler of delivery, and not as a constraint or a restriction. As such, risk management reinforces the focus on implementation that drives DDR planning.  2. The consultation premium: Exposure to and comparison of different perspectives and worldviews on what constitutes a risk are necessary conditions of sound risk management. The breadth and depth of consultations required for risk management is consistent with the consultative process that underpins DDR planning.  3. The imperative of coordination and mutual accountability: In many areas, different risks involve different risk owners, and risk responses are often interrelated. These connections are particularly salient in DDR processes, with many actors responsible for managing separate but interdependent aspects of the DDR process; proper risk management therefore involves a degree of coordination and mutual accountability that can strengthen collective DDR efforts.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.1 Standard risk management steps As with many other fields, the general approach to risk management in DDR planning should follow the general methodology provided by International Standards Organization 31000 on Risk Management. It consists of a simple but structured set of questions that can be summarized as follows: What is the context in which the DDR process is occurring? What are the objectives of the DDR process? What are the risks to the DDR process? What are the risk drivers? What is the level of each risk, as a function of the likelihood and consequence of its materializing? What are the right risk treatment measures for each risk, and are they already in place? Who owns each risk treatment measure? In following this structured line of inquiry, DDR planners should consider three critical dimensions:   Specificity  As DDR processes involve many actors and dimensions, it is important to be as specific as possible when identifying risks. Such specificity enables the identification of the right treatment measures and the most appropriate risk treatment owner.    In particular, the plan should be as specific as possible in addressing the questions \u2018risk of what?\u2019 and \u2018risk to?\u2019 and should articulate the answers to both in straightforward risk statements. Example: The provision of reintegration support to identified participants and communities results in increased security threats (risk of) to DDR staff (risk to); the provision of cash to eligible recipients may trigger violent reactions from other individuals/communities. The specificity of the risk statement allows for specificity in the analysis of risk drivers (e.g., what generates the risks of and risks to). In the example, the risk drivers may include weaknesses in eligibility criteria and/or perceptions of unequal treatment by other communities.  In turn, the more specific the risk drivers, the more specific and effective the treatment measures can be. In this example, appropriate ways to address the risk may include the provision of additional expertise to review the selection criteria, strengthening communication to other communities, and/or increasing security measures for DDR staff. These measures can reduce either the likelihood of the risk or the severity of its impact.  A similar degree of specificity should apply to the owners of the treatment measures. For example, rather than assigning one risk treatment to the \u2018Government\u2019 or the \u2018UN\u2019, a DDR strategic plan should, to the extent possible, name the Government ministry or institution or the UN unit or entity that should treat the risk.  Unintended consequences Risk management brings DDR trade-offs into sharp relief. For DDR practitioners, risk treatment measures often generate new, or \u2018second order\u2019, risks. For example, the increase in security measures (e.g., removing DDR staff from certain locations) will incur other risks, such as fiduciary risks, if the DDR process includes a transfer of financial resources in these locations, and/or programmatic risks if fewer capacities are on the ground to monitor if \u2018harm\u2019 is being done.  Hence, in planning DDR processes and risk treatment measures, DDR practitioners should anticipate such second-order risks and establish systems for their proper monitoring.",
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        "Paragraph": "8.2 When to embed risk management in DDR planning Different moments in the planning of a DDR process provide an opportunity to identify risks and appropriate treatment measures. These include: The context analysis: At this initial stage, the intent is to begin identifying broad categories of risk factors (e.g., security, political dynamics) that may affect potential DDR processes. DDR planners should record them for further refinement later in the process. Design: As the DDR process is being formulated, a risk register can be gradually developed for each of the DDR process\u2019s strategic objectives, and for the overall process. For example, as mentioned in section 7, the definition of roles and responsibilities may reveal potential reluctance or resistance to the plan, which needs to be addressed prior to finalization.  Finalization: Once all the elements of the process are brought together, the entire plan should be reviewed for risks. A stress-testing exercise should be conducted (see section 11).  Implementation: Given the complexity of DDR processes, identified risks should be monitored throughout implementation, notably, through trend analyses of risk drivers (e.g., are the factors that generate risk increasing in intensity, in frequency?). Implementation will also inevitably yield previously unforeseen risks. As such, DDR practitioners should regularly create risk assessment moments to review existing risks and explore new ones, based on wide consultations.",
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        "Paragraph": "9. Outreach \u2013 general guidance  In any DDR planning process, the intent of outreach is to enable implementation by developing and strengthening wide support for the planned process, while reducing potential resistance. At the very beginning of the planning process, DDR practitioners shall therefore determine who needs to be engaged, when and for what purpose (see IDDRS 4.60 on Public Information and Strategic Communication in Support of DDR). The range of actors who need to engage in the planning should be broad and reflect the various needs, roles and capacities found in DDR processes. DDR practitioners should follow guidance provided in IDDRS 3.21 on DDR Process Stakeholders to make such determinations, including the potential interests of each actor.   The outreach should have a specific purpose, which should be communicated clearly and effectively to each actor. To determine the purpose, DDR practitioners should use the following typology of engagement strategies as a guide: Information sharing: In some instances, an actor just needs to be provided the information about the DDR process being planned in order to understand it and support it.   Joint fact-finding: In this case, an actor\u2019s buy-in can be secured by being involved in the analysis and data collection that underpins the planned DDR process. Consultation: Under a consultation, an actor is solicited for his/her views on the plan (or aspects thereof). It is important to clarify that the final version of the plan may not include all or any of the inputs solicited. Failure to do so may increase resistance to the plan.  Agreement: In this case, the actor\u2019s formal approval is being sought for the plan to be finalized. Without such an agreement, the plan cannot move to implementation.  In the broad constellation of DDR constituents, several will just need information. Others (e.g., national DDR commission, key donor, etc.) will require a formal agreement. For many, consultations are often sufficient, as long as they are conducted meaningfully and transparently at key moments of the planning process, including as the plan is being finalized.  The determination of which engagement approach is most appropriate is context specific, but it shall account for a number of principles, including national ownership and the people-centred imperative, and other considerations such as the actor\u2019s expected role in the implementation of the DDR process(s) and ability to enable or undermine their success. Note on outreach risk: For the UN and its partners, the planning of DDR processes is often conducted under circumstances of high political pressure and expectations. DDR practitioners must manage expectations and avoid making promises to any actor, and must conduct such outreach with explicit references to the overarching principles that guide DDR processes, as articulated in IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR and in this module.",
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        "Paragraph": "10. Planning document/DDR strategy \u2013 general guidance on structure The outcome of the strategic planning process should be reflected in a DDR strategy that should serve as the overarching framework from which more specific programmatic instruments derive. For the UN in particular, this document will therefore inform mission instruments (e.g., mission implementation plans, results-based budget) when a peace operation is deployed, and entity-level programme documents.  The following list presents the standard hierarchy of planning documents, and where a DDR strategic plan would normally fit in such a hierarchy.  Hierarchy of planning documents: UN peace operations UN Security Council Integrated Strategic Framework (ISF) DDR strategic plan Individual programme/process implementation plans by entities Results-based budget  UN agencies, funds and programmes UNSDCF and/or ISF and/or Humanitarian Response Plan DDR strategic plan Joint annual work plans (which should reflect entity contributions to the DDR plan) Entity-specific programme documents (including joint programmes where relevant)  The exact relationship between a DDR strategy and other formal UN planning instruments is determined by: Timing: A DDR strategy could be developed before or after an ISF or a UNSDCF, in particular.  The exact timing should inform subsequent mutual revisions. Scope: A DDR strategy should apply to a wide range of actors beyond the UN. As such, it follows different procedures for design, consultation and finalization.",
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        "Paragraph": "10.1 Content of the DDR strategy  The development of the DDR strategy should take into account the possible existence of a higher-level document, such as a national DDR policy that may have been adopted, in certain legal systems, as a legislative act. The national DDR strategy will build on such a policy document, making sure to avoid overlaps and to provide strategic guidance to the development of programme documents (see IDDRS 3.20 on DDR Programme Design).  To ensure wide buy-in for implementation and guide the development of more specific programmes, a DDR strategic plan should always provide the following minimum information, based on the process described in sections 6 and 7:   1. Summary of context and the rationale for a DDR strategy: This should include the authorizing frameworks (e.g., Security Council mandate, peace agreement, UNSDCF, etc.) for the DDR processes. 2. The universal and context-specific principles that underpin the strategy: activities. Universal (general) principles should be included (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR), but principles that are specific to the operating context and associated requirements should also be reflected. 3. The terminology, assumptions, evidence and data on which the strategy has been developed: Data gaps should be acknowledged, and the plan should articulate the impact of these gaps on strategic choices made and initiatives to address them. 4. The planned DDR process(s) organized around the DDR process: For each DDR measure, the strategy must formulate clear strategic objectives and common results, strategic implementation approaches to be used (including sequencing) and links with other DDR processes (e.g., SSR, mediation, economic development). 5. Main roles and responsibilities of national and international actors, and overall governance and coordination arrangements for the implementation and monitoring of the strategy: Where relevant, this section should explain the links between roles and areas/sources of support required by any actor. 6. Main operational considerations and requirements (see IDDRS 3.40 on Logistical Support for DDR for more details): This section should include operational constraints and challenges, and means to address them. 7. Funding framework: Based on an overall cost estimate, this should present anticipated sources of funding, disaggregated for each DDR measure, per strategic objectives and common results at a minimum. 8. Communication: The strategy should articulate the main communication principles, actions, audiences and messages, as well as roles and responsibilities; these will then be developed in the dedicated communication strategy (see IDDRS 4.60 on Public Information and Strategic Communication in Support of DDR). 9. Shared results framework: For the highest-level objectives, such as goal (impact) or outcomes, the document should include disaggregated results indicators, with baselines and targets, and means of verification (see IDDRS 3.50 on Monitoring and Evaluation of DDR for more details); this will become a seed for the results-based framework to be further developed as part of the programme design (see IDDRS 3.20 on DDR Programme Design). 10. Strategic plan risk register: As presented in section 8, the plan should acknowledge limitations and gaps and the treatment measures to address them. 11. Review process: Considering the risks inherent to DDR processes and the fluid environment in which DDR processes take place, the plan should clearly outline the time frame for regular reviews, and how these reviews will be organized (participants, methodology).",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Paragraph": "11. General guidance for the finalization of strategic planning Planning DDR processes shall conclude with the following steps:    Stress test Stress testing is a planning technique and moment that should be undertaken shortly before the end of the process, but with sufficient lag time before the plan is to be concluded to incorporate outcomes of the stress test into the final version.  Under a stress test, a team of individuals, convened under a personal capacity, reviews the plan and subjects it to a number of \u2018hard questions\u2019. The purpose is to identify outstanding gaps, weaknesses and risks and to sharpen, if need be, the plan\u2019s logic and objectives. In other words, it provides an opportunity to improve the plan before implementation.  For this exercise to work, it is important to convene a stress test team of four to five impartial individuals, without any vested interest in the content of the plan. As a team, these individuals should combine DDR process expertise with knowledge of the context and strategic planning skills.  Conducted in a workshop format, in the presence of UN staff and partners who have developed the plan, the stress test team should interrogate the plan along the following dimensions: Robustness of contextual analysis and of evidence, data and assumptions used; Consistency between the analysis/assessment and the choice of DDR process, and the strategic objectives chosen; Suitability of the plan to context, and adaptability to different scenarios;  Implementability of the plan, including resources, capacities, logistics, buy-in of actors and evaluability; Adherence of the plan to DDR principles and normative obligations, including gender, human rights and conflict sensitivity/do no harm; and Alternative courses of action. DDR practitioners engaged in DDR planning may also choose to conduct multiple stress test exercises throughout the process; however, for these exercises to be useful, a reasonably comprehensive draft of the plan must be available. The decision to incorporate the findings and observations of the stress test team into the final version lies with the DDR practitioners in charge of the plan.  2. Communication Communicating the DDR plan is an essential part of its finalization. In doing so, DDR practitioners must follow the specific guidance in IDDRS 4.60 on Public Information and Strategic Communication in Support of DDR, notably regarding adopting contextually and culturally appropriate means of communication and ensuring accessibility by the populations and communities most affected by the plan.   Communication efforts must focus on transparency and accuracy, to avoid creating unrealistic expectations. To this end, how the plan is communicated, including local translations, must be closely managed to ensure that what is being said about the plan conforms with what is in it.  Reactions to the plan should be closely monitored to identify potential risks of resistance and other obstacles to implementation. Careful consideration should be given to potential misperceptions and/or manipulation of the plan, its intent and content.  Communicating the plan broadly and transparently to all concerned actors also serves to reinforce the principle of mutual accountability for its success.  3. Programmatic translation The finalization of a DDR process plan marks the activation of the next phase, in which the plan is translated into more specific programmes and their work plans, with detailed timelines and budgets.  Guidance for both the process and content of such programmes is provided in IDDRS 3.20 on DDR Programme Design. As articulated in section 5, many programmatic elements can be developed as the strategic plan is being designed. However, in the timeline to actual implementation, some space must be created between finalization of the plan and implementation, during which specific programmes can be completed with additional programmatic and operational details. This time lag must also account for any need to mobilize resources before implementation.",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Paragraph": "12. Organizational considerations in DDR planning \u2013 general guidance  The organization of a DDR planning process shall adhere to the following two imperatives: 1. Whole of UN and Whole of Practitioner approach: While there should clarity on the entity (and individuals) that will lead and coordinate the planning phase, it should be structured in a manner that provides a meaningful role for all UN entities, partners and Government institutions that may be expected to have a role in the process. In contexts where there is a UN mission with a DDR unit, the UN\u2019s engagement in the planning should not be confined to that unit; expertise from other units (including the political unit, legal, security sector reform, human rights, gender, child protection, mission support/logistics, the UN Mine Action Service, etc.) should be included. A number of UN agencies, funds and programmes need to contribute as providers of analytical inputs and normative advice, and/or as implementing entities. In contexts without a UN peace operation, the planning effort should avail itself of support from all relevant UN entities, including those in the Secretariat. It shall always ensure the inclusion of legal and dedicated normative expertise, notably in the areas of human rights, child protection and gender, sourced in-country or from regional and global offices. 2. Strong links with operations: DDR processes require careful and thorough consideration of operational requirements. Depending on the type of DDR process, dedicated planning capacities may be required for security, camp management, transportation and supply management. The planning team must also include expertise in funding instruments and resource mobilization.",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Paragraph": "12.1 Structures The structures required for planning DDR processes are a function of the UN configuration in-country. If the planning is undertaken as part of the deployment of a new UN mission, the structures used for planning the DDR process and developing a strategic plan for DDR processes should follow the guidance provided by the Integrated Assessment and Planning Policy of 2013. DDR considerations will first be embedded in a strategic assessment mission, bringing together the entire UN system (from headquarters and as representatives of the UN country team). In most cases, and following the adoption of the mandate by the Security Council, a specific DDR technical assessment team may be deployed to further elaborate the DDR plan.  For both the strategic and technical assessments, the principles of inclusivity and transparency shall be followed. Governments, communities, other relevant national actors and donors should be fully engaged, and, where and when capacities exist, national authorities should lead the process. Similarly, the UN country team should, at all times, participate in the planning process, under the leadership of the Resident Coordinator.  Once the UN mission is deployed, the focus of any subsequent planning must reside in-country. For the UN, the relevant units of the UN peace operation and the members of the UN country team work jointly through a dedicated DDR task force. Headquarters-level support and engagement in the planning are undertaken by integrated task forces according to integrated assessment planning principles and approaches. In contexts without a UN mission, planning for DDR processes must always be situated in-country, under the leadership of the Resident Coordinator and with all relevant UN entities supported by their respective regional or global DDR expertise. In line with the reform of the UN development system, non-resident entities, as well as relevant Secretariat entities, should be included in DDR planning efforts.  In all contexts, and wherever feasible, the design of the UN and its partners\u2019 responses to national DDR efforts should be undertaken on the basis of joint planning structures. To minimize transaction costs, DDR practitioners may want to organize the planning process around three generic structures: A broad steering committee, with Government and key stakeholders (notably donors) to build the political and financial support for the outcome of the planning process; actors in related sectors (e.g., SSR, mediation, economic recovery) may be brought in periodically to ensure adequate linkages with the DDR planning process. A small core planning team or secretariat, to undertake the day-to-day planning work, including the analysis, with clear lines of communication with national counterparts. A more informal consultative mechanism (which can be replicated at local or regional levels, or divided into different stakeholders) to solicit perspectives, feedback and inputs; this mechanism can enable informal outreach to other, higher-risk parties (e.g., non-signatory groups) and gauge their positioning in relation to the envisioned processes.",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning_validated copy-edit clean_23 Mar 2022",
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        "Paragraph": "Annex A: Abbreviations  CVR\tcommunity violence reduction ISF \tIntegrated Strategic Framework SSR\tsecurity sector reform ToC\ttheory of change UNSDCF\tUnited Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework",
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        "Title": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Paragraph": "Summary \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...3  1. Module scope and objectives \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.4  2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.4  3. Introduction \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u20265  4. Guiding principles \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u20266  4.1 Voluntary \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u2026\u2026\u20266  4.2 People centred \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u20267  4.2.1 Criteria for participation/eligibility \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u20267  4.2.2 Unconditional release and protection of children \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026\u20267  4.3 Gender responsive and inclusive \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026.8  4.4 Conflict sensitive \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026... 8 4.5 Context specific \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u20269 4.6 Flexible, accountable and transparent \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u20269  4.6.1 Flexible, sustainable and transparent funding arrangements \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.9  4.6.2 Accountable and transparent \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 ..9 4.7 Nationally and locally owned \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..10 4.8 Regionally supported \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026\u202610 4.9 Integrated \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u2026\u2026\u202610 4.10 Well planned \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026...\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u202610 4.10.1 Planning, assessment, design, monitoring and evaluation \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..\u2026\u202611 
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        "Title": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Paragraph": "Summary DDR and security sector reform (SSR) are inherently political processes that, in a post-conflict environment, are typically closely linked. However, there are important differences in the focus, scope and timeline of DDR and SSR processes. While DDR focuses on finding solutions for armed groups and their members in conflict-affected and post-conflict contexts that have seen high levels of military mobilization, SSR processes aim to develop and rebuild a wide range of institutions, processes and mechanisms that would re-establish the functioning of an effective and accountable security sector under the control and oversight of a civilian government and institutions. There are many points of natural intersection between DDR and SSR. DDR processes are typically linked to SSR through the integration of former combatants into the security sector in the context of a peace agreement. Equally, DDR-related tools, including community violence reduction (CVR) and transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM), can provide bottom-up, people-centred complements to top-down SSR processes. Finally, reintegration support can also be provided to former combatants who wish to enter the security sector but are found to be ineligible or for integration into security institutions. The most prominent linkage between DDR and SSR in post-conflict contexts is to be found in integration processes. It is generally accepted that the failure or relative success of any integration process will have a significant impact on the durability of peace accords and the probability of relapse into conflict.  When considering the linkage between DDR and SSR, DDR practitioners shall always seek to understand national and local aspirations, as expressed through political dialogue, rather than attempt to impose externally defined and developed processes on national actors. DDR practitioners shall seek to integrate SSR issues into DDR assessments and, as DDR and SSR often operate on different timescales, shall ensure that DDR processes are undertaken in ways that do not hinder or block subsequent or future security sector reform. One example is the support to the establishment of transitional security arrangements that primarily involve former combatants and that are intended to pave the way for long-term security institutions and governance arrangements. Experience has shown that support to the establishment of temporary and transitional security arrangements, in particular, has to be carefully balanced against the need to use limited political and financial resources to reach sustainable political and security solutions.  Equally, practitioners need to ensure that demands of armed groups that are deemed to reflect root causes of the conflict, such as political and economic exclusion, abuse and discrimination stemming from the security sector, are accounted for when designing the SSR process. The failure of any integration process can significantly impact post-conflict environments by threatening peace and security, and the durability of peace accords.  Importantly, when discussing opportunities involved in DDR with former or current members of armed forces and groups, including women, men, and youth, DDR practitioners shall not imply any individual entitlement to integration into the security sector, especially not merely because of the individual\u2019s status as a former member of an armed force or group. Instead, DDR practitioners should be aware of the existing legal and policy framework, and ensure that they understand the status of the SSR process and how it may or may not relate to demands, grievances and/or questions raised by armed groups. Integration processes are typically based on political agreements. Yet DDR-related tools are sometimes undertaken in the absence of such agreements \u2013 making it challenging to develop the right linkages to the SSR process. Even where political agreements exist, provisions on integration and related rights/entitlements of former combatants are often vague and may require additio
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        "Title": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Paragraph": "1. Module scope and objectives This module provides DDR practitioners with an overview of areas where DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support may be linked to SSR. The objective is to support close coordination between DDR and SSR efforts by actively promoting synergies and preventing harmful interactions in the planning, design and implementation of DDR and SSR processes. The guidance is applicable to both mission and non-mission settings.",
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    {
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        "Title": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Paragraph": "2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations Annex A contains a list of abbreviations used in this standard. A complete glossary of all the terms, definitions and abbreviations used in the IDDRS series is given in IDDRS 1.20. In the IDDRS series, the words \u2018shall\u2019, \u2018should\u2019, \u2018may\u2019, \u2018can\u2019 and \u2018must\u2019 are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance with the standards laid down. This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization standards and guidelines:  a) \u2018shall\u2019 is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in order to conform to the standard; b) \u2018should\u2019 is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications; c) \u2018may\u2019 is used to indicate a possible method or course of action; d) \u2018can\u2019 is used to indicate a possibility and capability; e) \u2018must\u2019 is used to indicate an external constraint or obligation. Integrated DDR processes are composed of different combinations of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR).  Security sector is a broad term often used to describe the structures, institutions and personnel responsible for the management, provision and oversight of security in a country. It is generally accepted that the security sector includes defence, law enforcement, corrections, intelligence services and institutions responsible for border management, customs and civil emergencies. Elements of the judicial sector responsible for the adjudication of cases of alleged criminal conduct and misuse of force are, in many instances, also included. Furthermore, the security sector includes actors that play a role in managing and overseeing the design of security, such as ministries, legislative bodies and civil society groups. Other non-State actors that could be considered part of the security sector include customary or informal authorities and private security services.  Security sector reform describes a process of assessment, review and implementation, as well as monitoring and evaluation, led by national authorities that has as its goal the enhancement of effective and accountable security for the State and its peoples without discrimination and with full respect for human rights and the rule of law.  Integration into the security sector refers to the process through which former members of armed forces and groups are incorporated into the national security structures and institutions responsible for the management, provision and oversight of security in a country.  Rightsizing occurs when the number of personnel within the security sector is adapted (increased or reduced) to match the needs of the security sector, as defined through national consultations and assessments.",
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        "Paragraph": "3. Introduction The provision of security is a core function of the State. However, in some contexts, the statutory security sector is not able to protect the population against threats, and may marginalize, exclude or even prey on the very populations it is entrusted to protect. If the national security sector is corrupt, non-inclusive, unresponsive, incoherent, ineffective, inefficient and/or unaccountable to the public, the sector may be considered among the root causes of conflict \u2013 and, as such, could also be among the factors that led to the emergence of armed groups. In a post-conflict context, security sector reform offers an opportunity to address shortcomings of the security sector that may have contributed to the conflict and that increase the risk that the country will relapse into conflict if not addressed.            \t      It is important to understand the overarching political framework that will define and drive DDR and SSR processes, and the entry points as well as limitations that these frameworks present for addressing DDR- and SSR-related challenges. Relevant political and security frameworks, agreements, strategies and plans will typically also define the way in which DDR and SSR processes interlink in that particular context.  In (post-)conflict settings where a peace agreement was signed or a political settlement reached, the agreement will typically outline the objectives, scope and possibly timelines of DDR and SSR processes. DDR may contribute to SSR and vice versa; neither is a prerequisite for the other, and SSR and DDR processes often operate on different timelines. Yet, while certain aspects of the SSR and/or DDR process may be defined in detail, sensitive provisions that link DDR to SSR, such as the integration of combatants into the security sector, are often left to further negotiation, while only temporary and transitional security arrangements are defined in the peace agreement.  It is important to keep in mind that nationally led SSR processes will result in national decisions on the mandate, structure and composition of security sector institutions. National SSR decisions will typically be reflected in national security policies, strategies and legislation and will effectively translate (often vague) SSR provisions from peace agreements into national policy and legal frameworks. This is a deeply political process that will unfold over the course of many years and that has the potential to transform the power relations and representation of societal groups in the security sector over time.  If political and security-related demands made by armed forces and groups that were contained in the political and/or peace agreement preceding the national SSR process are not sufficiently integrated into the SSR process, this may pose a significant risk for relapse into conflict. Therefore, it is critical that UN DDR, SSR and political experts \u2013 in cooperation with key partners \u2013 maintain close dialogue and coordinate to ensure that UN support is targeted at addressing structural risks within the security sector. For armed groups and their members, this will often be expressed in exclusion and underrepresentation in the security sector and lack of access to associated economic benefits.  Keeping with the principle that UN support must be guided by the primacy of political solutions when designing UN support strategies, the linkages between DDR and SSR will be presented in two large categories. First, section 5 will consider the issues that are most directly linked to the peace process and have the highest impact on advancing the political process, reconciliation and sustainable peace. These issues revolve around implementing provisions of the peace agreement and ensuring that the SSR process results in more inclusive, accountable and responsive institutions. The second set of issues, addressed in section 6, deals with programmatic tools and approaches (employed by DDR and SSR practitioners) that present important entry points for institutional reform and bui
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        "Paragraph": "4. Guiding principles IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR sets out the main principles that guide all aspects of DDR processes. This section outlines how these principles apply to the linkages between DDR and SSR.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.1 Voluntary  In contexts where a DDR programme is linked to SSR, the integration of former members of armed forces and armed groups into the security sector shall be voluntary.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.2 People centred The basis for the legitimacy, viability and sustainability of the reform and governance of the security sector in a specific national context lies in the expressed needs and visions of the people; this shall be the core driver of any SSR process.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.2.1 Criteria for participation/eligibility  When a DDR programme is linked to SSR, male and female former members of armed forces and groups shall only be integrated into the reformed security sector if they are vetted and meet the designated integration criteria (see section 6.5). A former member of an armed force or group shall not be integrated into security sector institutions merely because of his or her status as a former member of an armed force or group.  It should be noted that integration is sometimes organized within the framework of broader recruitment campaigns, whereby certain quotas are assigned for those who are being integrated during each recruitment campaign. The criteria for those to be integrated in the framework of a recruitment campaign may differ from those of regular recruits. The primacy of politics and need to address the root causes of conflict, such as exclusion, should take precedence, and technicalities should not be cited to prevent the integration of former combatants that has been agreed to at the political level. Understanding the vital role that females can play in the security sector is paramount to successful, inclusive SSR processes, and to the full representation of women in the security sector in support of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000).  Integration processes should therefore ensure the eligibility of women, and include outreach and sensitization to ensure they are aware of their options and eligibility. SSR practitioners and support to SSR programs should ensure reformed security institutions provide fair and equal treatment to female personnel, including their special security and protection needs.  Security sector reform takeholders should pay particular attention to children. Children shall not be recruited into security sector institutions. When undertaking security sector reforms, States shall mainstream child protection, including through the inclusion of child protection in military training and standard operating procedures, as well as through the establishment of child protection units and focal points in their national security forces and the strengthening of effective age assessment mechanisms to prevent underage recruitment into security sector institutions (see IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR).  Members of armed forces and groups who have been involved in the commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and/or gross human rights violations shall not be eligible for recruitment into the security sector, including when DDR programmes are linked to SSR (see IDDRS 2.11 on The Legal Framework for UN DDR).",
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        "Paragraph": "4.2.2 Unconditional release and protection of children All child recruitment or use by armed groups is illegal under international law, as is all use of children in hostilities, conscription by State armed forces or voluntary recruitment under the age of 18 without minimum safeguards. The recruitment and use of children under 15 by armed forces and groups may amount to a war crime. There is significant international consensus that the recruitment of children under 18 years old is inconsistent with international standards on child protection. This is expressed in a comprehensive set of international legal instruments, including the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and the Rome Statute, and is reinforced by a series of Security Council resolutions. For a detailed normative and legal framework, see IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR. Efforts to prevent the recruitment and use of children by armed forces and groups should be a primary consideration during all DDR and SSR processes, irrespective of the stage of the conflict or status of peace negotiations. When a DDR programme is linked to SSR, children associated with armed forces and groups shall not be included in troop numbers because their presence is illegal, and including them may encourage further recruitment of children in the period before peace negotiations.  Negotiations on DDR, SSR and force reduction shall include the unconditional and immediate release of all children associated with armed forces and groups. Progress should be made by armed forces and groups on child release before SSR processes are initiated, and the requirement that children be released without precondition prior to negotiation on integration into armed forces and/or the security sector should be stipulated and enforced to discourage their recruitment.  The mechanisms and structures for the release and reintegration of children shall be set up as soon as possible. Children associated with armed forces and groups should be treated separately from adult combatants. They should benefit from special protection and assistance measures that are gender and age appropriate. They should be regarded and treated as victims, regardless of how they were recruited, and their best interests need to be a primary consideration. International legal standards pertaining to children shall be applied (see more in IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR).",
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        "Paragraph": "4.3 Gender responsive and inclusive Women and men have an equal right to participate in security delivery and oversight. Though men continue to be vastly overrepresented in security and oversight bodies (such as parliament and the judiciary), security sector institutions that reflect societies at large in terms of sex, ethnicity, tribal affiliation, religion and sexual orientation are more likely to be trusted and considered legitimate. Women\u2019s presence will also increase the responsiveness to the concerns of the entire population. The increased participation of women in security sector institutions has been shown to improve these institutions\u2019 functioning in areas such as sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) reporting rates, intelligence gathering and the treatment of female witnesses, victims and suspects.  The involvement of women and women\u2019s groups from civil society in the SSR processes that accompany and follow DDR should also be deliberately planned from the start. Gender-responsive DDR recognizes that women play a multitude of roles, including as combatants, advocates and caregivers, and that each of these roles has a direct impact on the success of DDR processes. Including women as participants and decision-makers in DDR and SSR processes ensures benefits to individuals, households and communities.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.4 Conflict sensitive SSR and DDR processes shall be undertaken in a conflict-sensitive manner, ensuring that, when DDR and SSR are programmatically linked, this linkage does not increase the risk of further conflict or the risk that DDR and SSR will jeopardize each other. As DDR and SSR impact local power structures, sovereignty and national security issues, practitioners shall understand, acknowledge and anticipate any possible adverse effects.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.5 Context specific Many contextual factors influence DDR and SSR, including local power dynamics, the way in which the armed conflict ended, and the nature and interests of central State authority. Given the context-specific ways in which DDR and SSR can influence each other, there is no ideal model for DDR and SSR processes. If and when DDR and SSR are linked, this linkage shall be tailored to the particular context. The politically sensitive nature of decisions relating to DDR and SSR means that external actors must pay particular attention to both the form and substance of their engagement. Close understanding of context, including identification of key stakeholders, is essential to ensure that support to national actors is realistic, culturally sensitive, inclusive and sustainable. Externally driven pressure to move forward on programming priorities will be counterproductive if this is delinked from the necessary political will and implementation capacity to develop policy and implement programmes at the national level.  4.6",
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        "Paragraph": "4.6.1 Flexible, sustainable and transparent funding arrangements Planning for DDR and SSR processes must be flexible and responsive to changing conditions on the ground, but should also keep in mind the need to balance funding for short-term programmes with the long-term costs of reforms required to sustain peace and facilitate development and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Simultaneous (yet separate) funding arrangements for DDR and SSR may be considered, although caution shall be taken to ensure that funding delays in one area do not lead to implementation delays in another. To avoid implementation delays, the use of multi-donor trust funds that address both DDR and SSR may be considered. Funding should ensure that the needs of women, children and youth are addressed to sustain the long-term success of DDR and SSR processes.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.6.2 Accountable and transparent DDR and SSR processes should contribute to accountable and transparent security sector governance, including transparency in security sector finances. They should not only focus on improvements to the operational capacity of security sector institutions, but also aim to reinforce the accountability of security-providing institutions to the executive branch, legislature and judiciary; independent oversight bodies; and civil society. Effective security forces, such as the armed forces and police, are accountable to the populations they serve and require staff that act with professionalism and integrity. To ensure this, vetting processes based on transparent criteria shall be conducted and constitute an important link between DDR programmes and SSR (see section 6.5 and 6.6).",
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        "Paragraph": "4.7 Nationally and locally owned Practitioners shall facilitate DDR and SSR processes that are nationally and locally generated through political consensus, rather than attempt to bring national actors into processes that are externally imposed. SSR and DDR processes should be underpinned by an inclusive national dialogue process in order to ensure that the needs and security perceptions of the State and its citizens are taken into account.  These consultations should be wide-ranging and include authorities at various levels, from all branches of Government and security sector institutions, as well as national human rights institutions and civil society \u2013 especially women\u2019s and youth groups and child protection advocates. Such dialogue should take into account the fact that security and insecurity are often defined and experienced differently by women, men, boys and girls, as well as members of minority groups. The broader the national constituency engaged in SSR, the better the prospects for sustainability. To further support national and local ownership, where necessary and appropriate, DDR practitioners shall support activities that build the capacity of national and local authorities to manage, implement, monitor and evaluate DDR and SSR processes. National ownership should, where possible, also be demonstrated through commitments of human and financial resources from the State budget.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.8 Regionally supported Where appropriate, DDR practitioners shall account for regional dynamics in their planning and analysis. Many of the challenges that impact SSR and DDR in a country are transnational in nature, including trafficking in humans, drugs and weapons (see IDDRS 6.40 on DDR and Organized Crime). If armed conflict is ongoing in neighbouring States, (former) members of armed groups may cross international borders either to join a new armed group or to attempt to access ongoing DDR and SSR processes. While SSR and DDR are always guided by the principle of national ownership, practitioners should consider dedicated programmes to mitigate risks stemming from regional dynamics. For example, capacity-building in border management can support DDR and SSR processes through restricting the movement of combatants and arms across borders.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.9 Integrated Where possible and appropriate, DDR and SSR processes shall be integrated with complementary efforts to promote immediate and long-term improvements in security and security sector governance. DDR and SSR processes shall always be integrated into wider political processes and should also be integrated with arms control efforts, mine action and/or initiatives to redress past crimes and promote reconciliation through transitional justice (see IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management and IDDRS 6.20 on DDR and Transitional Justice). In countries emerging from armed conflict, linkages should also be made between national security policies and strategies (developed as part of an SSR process), support to reintegration (through a DDR process) and wider national-level development frameworks and priorities.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.10 Well planned Both DDR and SSR practitioners shall integrate concerns specific to their respective programmes within assessments, planning and process/programme design. In doing so, they are encouraged to use existing assessments (e.g., Joint Mission Analysis Centre products, an Integrated Strategic Framework or United Nations Development Assistance Framework, or Human Rights Due Diligence Policy risk assessments) and coordinate with relevant components in assessment, planning and process/programme design. They shall also clearly define the scope of activities that should link to a realistically achievable DDR/SSR end state. Planning should be participatory and engage a wide range of stakeholders. Monitoring and evaluation should provide an entry point for reviewing DDR and SSR processes to ensure that they are planned in a mutually supportive manner, and that unintended consequences are assessed and DDR/SSR objectives and priorities are adjusted accordingly. Baseline data should be collected and continuously updated and disaggregated by sex and age, where possible. Further gender and age analysis should be integrated into the monitoring and evaluation strategy, where applicable. For further information, see IDDRS 3.50 on Monitoring and Evaluation.",
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        "Paragraph": "4.11 Public information and community sensitization The timing, sequencing and implementation of DDR and SSR processes should be supported by a public awareness campaign to build the confidence of all relevant stakeholders (see IDDRS 4.60 on Public Information and Strategic Communication in Support of DDR). In order to (re-)establish trust in public institutions, the public must be aware of and trust the institutional reform effort. Transparency about reform efforts and broad consultation about the objectives of the reform will help to build confidence in the impartiality and effectiveness of the process and reduce uncertainty among those affected by the reforms. In particular, public awareness can help to deter mis/disinformation campaigns hampering the reforms at their inception phase and pre-empt later attempts to cast doubt on the validity of the DDR and SSR processes and block it.",
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        "Paragraph": "5. The primacy of politics in the SSR-DDR nexus This section highlights areas where DDR and SSR processes link to highly sensitive political dynamics affecting the balance of power and distribution of resources among different actors in a given context. It is important that UN support to DDR and SSR is well integrated in these contexts and geared towards addressing structural risks and root causes of conflict that can be found in the security sector and its governance structures.  This section considers the context of peace processes and mediation and adopts a broad view that SSR and DDR should be designed and used to effectively end conflict and prevent its recurrence through political engagement and structural prevention that address deep-seated grievances related to the security sector.",
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        "Paragraph": "5.1 Adequately reflecting DDR/SSR questions in mediation Where possible, both DDR and SSR practitioners should be available to support mediators engaged in the negotiation of peace agreements. SSR and DDR experts should also advise mediators engaged in conflict prevention by highlighting structural risks within the security sector and supporting dialogue with armed groups.",
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        "Paragraph": "5.2 Creating entry points that allow SSR/DDR processes to evolve beyond narrow provisions of the written agreement  The most impactful linkage between DDR and SSR in peace agreements often pertains to provisions that determine the scope, process and modalities under which former combatants will join statutory security forces that will emerge as a result of the peace agreement. Advice to mediation should highlight the importance of including inclusive as well as age- and gender-responsive DDR and SSR language in the peace agreement. When the integration of male and female former members of armed forces and groups into the security sector is being considered, mediators or those providing advice to them should, if the political circumstances of the negotiations permit, encourage the inclusion of specific provisions in the peace agreement outlining the broad parameters of integration, including considering specific quotas for females and requiring vetting and personnel reform of the security sector. Such provisions place an unambiguous obligation on the negotiating parties that is difficult to later circumvent. Importantly, the explicit commitment to include women in the security sector may create an entry point to incorporate other underrepresented social groups and enhance the inclusivity of security institutions and their responsiveness to the needs of a diverse population.",
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        "Paragraph": "5.3 Adopting a broad view of security sector governance \t In his report on security sector reform (S/2022/280), the Secretary-General adopted a wide understanding of security sector governance that goes beyond State institutions. This is important for SSR and DDR practitioners who are assessing the security sector with a view to developing options for SSR and DDR in conflict settings. As the Secretary-General noted, armed groups need to be considered part of security sector governance alongside other actors, even though they are not part of the statutory security sector. Understanding the role of armed groups in local, regional and national security dynamics is critical to developing realistic and sustainable options for SSR. Where armed groups play a strong role in the protection of specific ethnic and/or religious communities, mediation should focus on political and economic governance issues and their intersection with the security sector. Focusing on the composition of security institutions alone may not address underlying drivers of insecurity and conflict.   Understanding the nature of insecurity and gaps in the overall institutional architecture is important and may facilitate agreements that go beyond the military and police. Considering the need for establishing people-centred security is important for strengthening the resilience of local communities and facilitating their capacity development to address fires, natural disasters, health emergencies, etc. Recognition of these needs may trigger the establishment of new institutions or lead to orienting existing ones towards peacetime tasks.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "5.4 Bringing technical knowledge and concrete examples to the mediation process  SSR/DDR experts involved in mediation processes should have not only a deep understanding of the parties and their expectations, positions and demands, but also solid knowledge of technical details of comparable DDR/SSR processes, including their planning assumptions, planned versus real implementation timelines, assumed and real costs, gender mainstreaming, considerations related to unconditional release of children, and previous DDR and/or SSR processes in the given context. Injecting such technical expertise into the dialogue may assist the parties in reaching more realistic agreements and avoiding pitfalls typically experienced in other contexts. Within mediation processes, SSR and DDR issues will often be discussed in the framework of a security-related mediation track. While this is positive, it will also be important that DDR/SSR experts are aware of other mediation tracks, in particular those pertaining to political, economic, human rights and justice issues, as DDR- and SSR-related issues need to be integrated into such discussions to avoid contradictions that may frustrate implementation.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "5.5 Ensuring that DDR/SSR questions are linked to political and economic chapters of the peace agreement  The key dilemma faced by parties when negotiating SSR provisions of a peace agreement in many cases has to do with the long-term nature of reforming and developing a new security sector architecture. DDR, on the other hand, typically has a shorter time horizon, and there may be pressure to implement DDR early on, even when necessary preconditions are not in place.  Therefore, an important question for mediators is how much detail on SSR/DDR is sufficient to facilitate the transition from conflict to sustained peace, and if/how those processes should be sequenced, including in relation to broader political processes. If we accept that an imperfect peace agreement is better than none, it is reasonable to omit specificities on SSR in favor of general commitments that reforms will ensure transformative outcomes, such as inclusiveness, democratic oversight and accountability. Increasingly, the practice has been that questions about the future of the security sector are assigned to technical bodies to deliberate and develop options, including on questions of integration of former combatants, for political leaders\u2019 decision-making. While this may indeed be the only option available to mediators in some circumstances, it is important to consider possible challenges for the peace process.",
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    {
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        "Heading1": "",
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        "Paragraph": "5.6 Defining the role and mandate of technical commissions and bodies with planning and mediation mandates in the peace process and beyond  Practice has shown that technical commissions created to develop proposals and reach agreement on outstanding questions of the SSR process often fail to deliver satisfactory agreements even after years of deliberations. The indication of clear timelines and targets for the work of SSR- or DDR-related technical bodies and committees should be included in the peace agreement, but even when included, it is often insufficient to push the process forward. The absence of a political agreement on security sector reform may also raise the stakes for the holding of post-conflict elections. It is therefore important to consider possible implications of sequencing different steps of the SSR and DDR processes and other major political and economic milestones in the peace agreement.   In some contexts, the warring parties may agree that assessments (such as a threat assessment and security sector review) and national dialogue should take place only after national elections have been held. In other contexts, the parties will demand that agreement on major security policy and architecture issues (type, size, hierarchy and governance arrangements) are agreed upon and possibly included in a new constitution before elections are held. The challenges and opportunities of both options should be presented to the mediator and carefully considered.  Once elected into office, new Governments will legitimately control security ministries and adopt strategies for security sector reform that may not sufficiently reflect former opponents\u2019 security needs and interests, thus raising the risk of relapse into conflict. The existence of SSR/DDR commitments stemming from a peace agreement can serve to protect the interests of former members of armed forces and groups but may also lessen pressure on the new Government from security or political constituents who may oppose the implementation of challenging reforms, such as the integration of former combatants into the security sector.  A possible way of addressing this risk is to ensure that progress on both DDR and SSR is kept high on the agenda of senior UN leadership and partners, and that such progress is linked to international support for SSR and DDR, as these processes must be grounded in inclusive national agreements.",
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        "Paragraph": "5.7 Risks of deferring agreements on future security governance architecture  Armed forces and groups often fuel their activities by assuming control over resource-rich territory or may have access to funding from taxing the local population or illegal cross-border trafficking (see IDDRS 6.40 on DDR and Organized Crime). Sources of income that are linked to control over territory present strong incentives to maintain the status quo and will impact the scope of realistic options that mediators can offer to armed groups. Current resource revenues can prove relatively more attractive than the benefits offered through a DDR and/or SSR process and, as a result, individuals and groups may opt not to join DDR. Similarly, armed groups may agree to integrate into the armed forces but only on the understanding that they will be deployed to a specific geographical area. If such details were not discussed during mediation, provisions on integration may be rejected in full once the time comes for implementation, potentially undermining years of progress.  Peace agreements that do not effectively address the role of natural resources risk leaving warring parties with the economic means to resume fighting as soon as they decide that peace no longer suits them. In contexts where natural resources fuel conflict, DDR and SSR processes should be planned accordingly. Where appropriate, DDR practitioners should advise mediation teams on the impact of militarized resource exploitation on DDR and SSR, and recommend that provisions regarding the governance of natural resources be included in the peace agreement and reflected in its political and economic chapters (see IDDRS 6.40 on DDR and Organized Crime and IDDRS 6.30 on DDR and Natural Resources).  Beyond mediation, the design of DDR processes in this context should be integrated with strategies that address the security governance of natural resources, as well as the economic reforms aimed at ensuring the transparent and accountable allocation of natural resource concessions and the transparent management of the revenues derived from their exploitation.",
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        "Paragraph": "5.8 Considering the role of the private sector  Former combatants are a natural target for private security companies. In some instances, members of armed groups leave to directly join private security firms, bypassing DDR. The line between a private security firm and an armed group is often blurry. Security sector reforms, such as the enactment of laws, can be useful to ensure that private security providers are regulated.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "5.9 Supporting temporary and transitional security arrangements   Considering that temporary and transitional security arrangements are often largely composed of combatants and armed group members, support to such structures will typically be provided by DDR practitioners. It is important to always keep in mind that the goal of such support must be to build trust and facilitate reaching sustainable political agreements that would allow such temporary arrangements to evolve into long-term and sustainable security governance structures. The Secretary-General has cautioned that UN support to temporary and transitional security arrangements should only be short-term in nature and that main efforts should focus on finding solutions that will underpin long-term security sector architecture at all levels.  Where temporary security arrangements are functioning well, it is critical that options for legitimizing and institutionalizing such arrangements is supported early on, including through their inclusion in national security policy and planning frameworks, and provisions in the national budget. The close cooperation between DDR, SSR practitioners and the political leadership of the United Nations is critical in ensuring a timely and sustainable transition from transitional arrangements to longer-term solutions that can sustain peace and prevent relapse into conflict.   If political and security-related demands by armed groups that were contained in the political and/or peace agreement that preceded the national SSR process are not sufficiently integrated into the SSR process, this may pose a significant risk for relapse into conflict. Therefore, even if temporary arrangements are working well as a \u201cholding pattern\u201d for former combatants, it is critical that UN DDR, SSR and political experts \u2013 in cooperation with key partners \u2013 maintain close dialogue and coordinate to ensure that UN support is targeted at addressing structural risks within the security sector. For former combatants, this will often be expressed in exclusion and underrepresentation in the security sector and lack of access to associated economic benefits.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "6. Joint DDR and SSR support to the integration of former combatants into the security sector  The integration of former combatants into the security sector is a process that is complementary to DDR. It offers former members of armed forces and groups a path to becoming part of the State\u2019s security apparatus. Integration is primarily a political process, and its success will often also determine the long-term success of SSR and peacebuilding efforts in the aftermath of conflict.  Integration brings with it complex technical questions and significant financial costs. Where an integration process is underway, it inevitably requires that the affected security forces, command, management and oversight bodies are adapted and restructured to deal with the inflow of new personnel. There are different models and approaches to integration, yet their success ultimately hinges on the degree to which a particular modality is aligned with underlying political, security and financial incentives of former combatants, while also preserving and strengthening the institutional integrity and effectiveness of security forces. This section addresses some overarching aspects of integration that should always be considered when planning and implementing a security sector integration process.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "6.1 The role of political frameworks and processes  Traditionally, peace agreements contained detailed provisions on DDR, transitional and permanent security arrangements, and the process and timelines of transitioning to an agreed long-term security sector architecture. These provisions would guide the design and implementation of DDR programmes that would typically precede SSR processes. However, over the past two decades, as conflict dynamics have changed, the United Nations is often involved in DDR and SSR processes in the absence of comprehensive peace agreements and while conflict is ongoing.   The absence of comprehensive peace agreements is, in many cases, manifested by broad SSR and DDR provisions in peace agreements that are limited in scope and that leave out important questions on which parties often continue to disagree. Over the past decade, the United Nations has learned many lessons and developed new tools and approaches, including pre-DDR, to engage with the parties in the absence of political agreement on sensitive SSR/DDR topics and to support progress in dialogue while preparing the ground for future programmes and reforms.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "6.2 Understanding the scope of integration through a political lens The peace agreement and/or subsequent negotiations will determine the quality and quantity of elements to be integrated into the security sector. Typically, these agreements are implemented over a long period of time and may be altered in the process. Hence, practitioners may need to advise relevant national authorities and actors/partners on practical questions of approach, sequencing and priorities, including gender-responsive elements of these, that the peace agreement would not have addressed in detail. The creation of a representative oversight body for integration, including male and female representatives of all former warring parties, should also be considered.  It is, however, critical to highlight that the design and support to the integration process, including agreement on ranks and numbers for integration, must be considered in light of the evolving political process (and security landscape) and keeping in mind that ill-designed short-term projects and integration initiatives are likely to fail, undermine trust in the peace process and inflict lingering damage to the prospects for peace and security. Importantly, where national legal and regulatory frameworks pertaining to the security sector may need to be adjusted through further laws or decrees in line with provisions in the peace agreement, it is important to adequately reflect the issue of integration. Where negotiations are ongoing, laws may refer to the primacy of agreements reached by designated bodies and political processes. This should prevent a situation where legislation is used as an \u201cargument\u201d against integration.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "6.3 Integrating gender in integrated DDR/SSR support  Gender-transformative practices should begin as early as possible during the peace process to ensure representation of women and women\u2019s organizations in the national dialogue that feeds into negotiations. All participants in negotiations, as well as those crafting DDR and SSR provisions and frameworks, should be sensitized to the existence of, and prevention of, gender-based and sexual violence. Increasing the number of women in security sector institutions has been shown to increase their ability to effectively respond to sexual and gender-based violence. It is also important that the specific protection concerns for women integrating into the security sector be assessed and inform the training curriculum and rollout, infrastructure for staff facilities, and reporting within the security sector. Including women in peace processes at the decision-making level can broaden national ownership of post-conflict reforms, reinforcing the credibility of the process. This should also set the tone for a post\u2013peace process society that is sensitive to gender issues. Where possible, the peace agreement should outline specific provisions on the integration of both males and females into representative and inclusive security sector institutions. It is important to ensure there is not a tokenistic process for the inclusion of women; rather, these approaches should be implemented in a considered and systematic manner. For example, merely including one or more women on the negotiation team, or having one woman at the negotiating table, is not a substitute for ensuring women\u2019s meaningful engagement in peace and security, nor for conducting and utilizing systematic assessments of the security needs and concerns of women. Women and women\u2019s groups must also play a role in implementing peace agreements and in carrying out DDR and SSR processes, ensuring that women have equal opportunities to benefit from DDR/SSR, as appropriate to the situation and the role that they held during conflict. Gender-responsive budgeting throughout the DDR and SSR process should also be implemented in order to fully integrate women and ensure their needs are addressed in a sustainable manner. The capacities of women\u2019s groups should also be built, where necessary, so that they may be enabled to advertise opportunities to women and girls, address their mental and physical health needs, and provide them with other gender-responsive DDR/SSR opportunities.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.4 Registration of individuals joining the integration process  DDR practitioners conduct the registration of former members of armed groups, including biometric registration, for the purpose of DDR programmes. Where appropriate and possible, DDR practitioners will undertake and/or be involved in the registration of eligible individuals who want to join the security sector through the DDR process. Also, where appropriate, the biometric registration process used during DDR programmes may be expanded to the security sector (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). During the registration process, DDR practitioners will collect basic information about the individuals, such as name, age, gender, profession, geographic origin, ethnicity, armed group affiliation, wartime activity, etc. The registration process, or the related counselling and referral questionnaires, may provide evidence of the total number of combatants interested in integration. It will also serve as an additional safeguard against including children in the integration process.  Furthermore, where statutory security institutions are required by the peace agreement to submit numbers/profiles of security personnel, these numbers are unlikely to be accurate. SSR assessments and reform programmes that produce real numbers of security personnel, as reflected on the payroll, are typically undertaken at later stages of the SSR process, as they require a high level of cooperation and trust among parties and with international partners.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "6.5 Vetting as a step in the integration process  Vetting is the formal process of assessing suitability for public employment with a focus on individuals\u2019 human rights records. Former members of armed forces and groups who enter formal employment in the security sector shall be vetted. The vetting process will vary depending on the context and resources available to conduct it. It can range from a full vetting process \u2013 which reviews legal and financial records and collects statements from witnesses, etc. \u2013 to a lighter process suitable for the specific context, factoring in overall timelines and resources available. The vetting process is often the first step in determining eligibility to join the security sector.  In a post-conflict situation, vetting for the purpose of integration will typically focus on the respect of human rights. Consequently, perpetrators of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and/or gross human rights violations shall be excluded from the integration process and referred to the justice system. Similarly, DDR/SSR practitioners should be aware of a Member State\u2019s obligations under applicable sanctions regimes and the international counter-terrorism legal framework, including bringing terrorists to justice (see IDDRS 2.11 on The Legal Framework for UN DDR and IDDRS 6.20 on DDR and Transitional Justice). Former combatants who committed such crimes or violations are not likely to inspire the trust of the population. In particular, victims of abuse are unlikely to trust and rely on a public institution that hires individuals with serious integrity deficits, which would fundamentally impair the social contract. It is important to keep in mind that there is, in principle, no time limit on prosecuting serious crimes under international law and that individuals who may have passed vetting may be prosecuted and removed from the security sector at a later stage if evidence of such crimes comes to light.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.6 Vetting of former combatants against professional eligibility criteria  If individuals pass the human rights/criminal-focused vetting process, they will be vetted against professional eligibility criteria for integration into the security sector. Those who are found to be ineligible based on professional criteria may receive DDR support to reintegrate back into civilian life in line with their overall eligibility for DDR.  Typically, professional integration criteria will be determined during the peace process and may be part of the peace agreement or technical agreements reached at a later stage. They include criteria such as citizenship, language, minimum/maximum age, level of education, professional skills and experience, physical and mental aptitude, etc. It is important to keep in mind that integration is different from recruitment. Whereas integration is primarily a political process designed to address root causes of conflict and reduce structural risks within the security sector, recruitment is a purely technical human resources process. If discriminatory regulations or practices are used during mediation or during the implementation of the integration process to exclude minorities, including women, then SSR, DDR and political experts should work closely together to align messages and adapt support strategies to ensure more inclusive integration.   Even where exclusionary agreements were reached during the mediation process, DDR/SSR practitioners and political/legal experts in the United Nations should carefully devise strategies to address these structural risks through programmes, legislative changes, national policies, etc. For example, if language was included as a criterion for integration but members of armed groups primarily speak a different language than the administrative/majority language, the United Nations may seek to amend this provision or seek an agreement whereby national authorities provide language training to former combatants who are otherwise eligible to be integrated.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.7 Recognizing risks during the design and execution of integration processes To avoid harm and support sustainable peace, it is essential that integration is put in the wider political and security context and with an understanding of its potential impact in the medium and long term. Integration has to be considered part of a sequenced rightsizing and restructuring process of the security sector. Integration and SSR should not be approached through a project lens, as even a perfectly successful project may ultimately lead to damaging outcomes. DDR and SSR practitioners should avoid contributing to the risks discussed below and actively work with national counterparts and partners to address them.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.7.1 Neglecting the link between military and police integration and reform  The military and police are typically the largest security institutions and therefore the main recipients of former combatants. It is important that integration into the security sector is not approached from the perspective of individual security agencies. The historical role and background of various security agencies is different in each context, and so is the role of these institutions in relation to conflict drivers. Moreover, an approach that looks only at security agencies without understanding the governance and economic dynamics in which they are embedded may entrench conflict drivers, exclusion and marginalization and pave the way for relapse into conflict. Therefore, understanding how integration affects the wider security governance architecture and political economy of the security sector is vital to designing conflict-sensitive and sustainable integration options.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.7.2 Undermining the development of people-centred policing  Where the military has been the main and dominant security force, and has been used to perform internal protection functions, armed groups may favour military integration, as it is linked to a higher social status and access to more resources and political influence. This may mean that only those not deemed \u201cqualified enough\u201d to join the military will be channeled to the police. As the stated objective of many post-conflict SSR processes is to strengthen people-centered policing, it is important that the integration process does not undermine this objective.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.7.3 Contributing to a security vacuum Where traditionally the police service has been understaffed and underresourced, it may be necessary to staff the police with personnel, both men and women, who have the experience and skills to provide security effectively. This is particularly important when integration and reform are taking place in an environment where the security forces and the civilian population continue to face significant security threats, including from non-State armed groups. If former military personnel and/or special forces are integrated into the police service as a deliberate strategy, it is critical to accompany such integration with adequate training and enhanced capacity for civilian and judicial accountability mechanisms. Additionally, as part of the peace process, strategies for internal security services to take over security functions in the areas previously controlled by armed groups should be devised.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.7.4 Increasing protection risks to communities Integration of armed groups into the security sector should also be considered in light of the planned modalities for their organization and deployments that will be determined as part of SSR strategies and plans. From the perspective of peaceful and diverse societies, it is preferable that integrated combatants are mixed up and deployed across the country, regardless of ethnic, religious and other political considerations. While this should be the aspiration for reform and integration, the reality may be that the deployment of certain individuals and groups may result in increased tensions and insecurity for local communities. Therefore, it is important to carefully consider possible unintended effects of integration and advise that the process is designed and executed in stages and adjusted when negative consequence are observed. Making everyone, including donors and partners, aware of these risks and agreeing on joint response and mitigation measures is a crucial step in the design and implementation of integration processes.",
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        "Paragraph": "6.7.5 Integration as a political bargaining chip  Integration, beyond serving to \u201cunite\u201d former adversaries into a single security apparatus, effectively also serves as a security guarantee and security power-sharing mechanism. The political aspects are particularly prominent in the number and rank of senior military positions assigned to former combatants, and also in the command and oversight functions assigned to politicians affiliated with the different warring camps, including regional and local administrators on whose territory security forces are or may in the future be deployed. A key component of successful integration is the clarity of the political agreement on senior appointments and civilian command and oversight functions. A pattern of defections/renegotiated entries into security forces (a \u201crevolving door\u201d syndrome) is a strong indication that a unified control and command chain is not present. This can present a serious risk to the peace process and a protection risk to civilians.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "7. DDR-related tools as an entry point and catalyst for SSR  DDR-related tools are immediate and targeted measures that can be implemented when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR). Many DDR-related tools, such as community violence reduction (CVR) and transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM), can contribute to a more people-centred approach to SSR. Although the precise linkages between a DDR programme and SSR will vary in different contexts, DDR practitioners should be aware of the need to plan for the following.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "7.1 Transitional WAM and SSR Transitional WAM measures are implemented as part of a DDR process, either as stand-alone measures or as part of CVR programmes, and can complement top-down SSR programmes (see IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management).  DDR-related transitional WAM may be implemented at the same time as the UN is providing support to SSR. The UN may support national authorities in the rightsizing of their armed forces. Such reforms include the need to adapt national arsenals to the size, needs and objectives of the security sector of the country in question. This requires an effective needs assessment, strategic planning, and the technical capacity and support to identify surplus or obsolete materiel and destroy it. When SSR is ongoing, DDR-related transitional WAM may be used as an entry point to align national WAM capacity with international WAM guidance and international and regional legal frameworks. For instance, storage facilities built or refurbished to store DDR materiel could then be used to house stockpiles for security institutions, and as a proof of concept for upgrading of facilities. All WAM activities shall be designed and implemented in line with international technical guidance, including MOSAIC Module 02.20 Small Arms and Light Weapons Control in the Context of Security Sector Reform and the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "7.2 Weapons and ammunition integration While destruction shall be the preferred method of disposal of materiel collected during the disarmament phase of a DDR programme, national authorities may insist that serviceable materiel should be incorporated into national stockpiles. Before transferring arms and ammunition to national authorities, DDR practitioners shall take account all obligations under relevant regional and international instruments as well as potential UN arms embargos and should seek legal advice. If the national authority in question is prohibited from using or possessing certain weapons or ammunition (e.g., mines or cluster munitions), such materiel shall be destroyed. Furthermore, in line with the UN human rights due diligence policy on UN support to non-UN security forces, materiel and other types of support that fall under the policy shall be transferred only after adequate risk assessments are done and mitigation measures for the identified risks are developed and implemented. Where there are substantial grounds to believe that there is a real risk that the intended recipient is committing grave violations of international humanitarian, human rights or refugee law, such support should not be provided.  The potential negative consequences of incorporating DDR weapons and ammunition into their stockpiles should be explained to national authorities. These consequences not only include the symbolic connotations of using conflict weapons, but also the costs and operational challenges that come with the management of materiel that differs from standard equipment. The integration of ammunition into national stockpiles should be discouraged, as ammunition of unknown origin can be extremely hazardous. A technical inspection of weapons and ammunition should be jointly carried out by both UN and national experts before handover to the national authorities. Finally, weapons handed over to national authorities should bear markings made at the time of manufacture, and best practice recommends the destruction or remarking of weapons whose original markings have been altered or erased. Weapons should be registered by the national authorities in line with international standards.  All stages of disarmament or other arms control initiatives must integrate gender and age considerations, including the differing impacts and perceptions of such processes on women, men, boys and girls. In addition, women\u2019s roles in the conflict and within armed forces and groups may have given them specific knowledge of weapons caches and trafficking routes. For further guidance, see IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament.",
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    {
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        "Title": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Paragraph": "7.3 Integrated DDR and SSR assessments at the local level Many DDR-related tools, such as CVR and transitional WAM, are implemented at the local level and require local-level gender- and age-sensitive assessments. When CVR programmes and/or transitional WAM are planned alongside SSR, these local-level assessments should be considered alongside broader SSR assessments. For example, bottom-up weapons surveys can contribute to assessments concerning security threats and public perceptions of security. Furthermore, while SSR programmes require a threat assessment that may potentially include a public perception survey to determine the key security concerns of the population, CVR programmes require a comprehensive and gender-responsive baseline assessment of local violence dynamics as well as an assessment of the capacities, interests and strengths of the communities to engage in and support CVR. Furthermore, if different local assessments reveal similar patterns or trends, this may signal a systemic problem requiring effort to be channelled through more municipal or national reforms of the security sector. For further information on the assessments required for CVR and transitional WAM, see IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction, IDDRS 5.10 on Women, Gender and DDR, and IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management.",
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "7.4 Community violence reduction Where conditions for SSR and/or DDR are not present, support to local security arrangements should foster trust building with the statutory security sector and create entry points for SSR in the future. SSR processes can be a platform to recognize local security arrangements consisting of diverse actors as part of legitimate State authority and thus contribute to a more inclusive national security architecture that advances diversity and representation. In all of these cases, it is important to understand the distribution of political power and economic resources and to consider how SSR and DDR support options will impact this distribution. Although SSR is people centred, SSR policies and strategies are typically developed top-down. In contrast, CVR is a practical approach that focuses on the reduction of armed violence at the local level by fostering improved social cohesion and providing incentives to resist recruitment, including recruitment of children (see IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction). By drawing on these different vantage points, SSR and CVR programmes can be linked in mutually reinforcing ways.",
        "Can": true,
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "7.4.1 Concurrent SSR and CVR programming  Concurrent programming should be mutually reinforcing. For example, awareness-raising campaigns on domestic violence and sexual and gender-based violence as part of a CVR programme can be combined with SSR programming initiatives such as legal reform relating to SGBV/domestic violence; capacity-building of security institutions in the area of  gender and procedures for dealing with victims of SGBV; ensuring fair representation of men and women in security bodies; and leveraging the knowledge and skills of women for broader peace and security, including in supporting community security. To ensure that programmes are mutually sensitive, communication between the different programmes is important.",
        "Can": true,
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    {
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        "Heading1": "",
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        "Paragraph": "7.4.2 Sequential CVR and SSR programmes  Where conditions for SSR don\u2019t exist, it may be helpful to start with local-level CVR programmes. Building local-level security initiatives as well as working with local/non-State security and justice actors can provide a basis for discussing reforms of the security institutions and foster the trust required to enhance governance where the State previously had no access.",
        "Can": true,
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    {
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        "Paragraph": "8. Reintegration of former combatants into civilian life and linkages to SSR Reintegration support, which is designed to help individuals leave armed groups and rejoin civilian life, can be offered at different phases of the conflict but is most prominently linked to the implementation of peace and political agreements. In this context, reintegration support may be provided to members of armed forces and groups who are not eligible or able to join newly formed security institutions.",
        "Can": true,
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    },
    {
        "ID": "5b209fbc-3384-487a-8054-8b31b5e6275b",
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        "Heading1": "",
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        "Paragraph": "8.1 Reintegration assistance for individuals found to be ineligible for integration against professional eligibility criteria In some contexts, the peace agreement in place may state that reintegration support should be provided to those who demobilize and return to civilian life (as part of a DDR programme), but also to those who apply for integration into the security sector but fail to meet the professional eligibility criteria. DDR practitioners should ensure that considerations for those who are ineligible for integration are factored into the assessments conducted as part of the planning for reintegration support (see IDDRS 4.30 on Reintegration, IDDRS 5.10 on Women, Gender and DDR, and IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR). In particular, DDR practitioners should ensure that the necessary preparations are in place and that sufficient funding is available to handle this additional caseload. Individuals who are excluded from integration because of serious crimes (see section 6.5) shall be referred to appropriate justice mechanisms and not offered reintegration support.",
        "Can": false,
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    },
    {
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        "Heading1": "",
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        "Paragraph": "8.2 Reintegration programmes in support of government-led efforts to decommission security personnel following wartime military mobilization It is important to highlight that support may also be provided to serving security personnel who may be decommissioned from the security sector as part of a rightsizing process. Separation of serving security personnel is typically under the umbrella of the national SSR process and led by national institutions, and may include pensions, separation packages and/or other benefits in the framework of the national budget. However, following wartime military mobilization, States may take a reintegration support approach during and following wartime military mobilization to meet the needs and harness the capacities of the large numbers of men and women mobilized who will need assistance to transition into civilian life. Many will require reintegration assistance while conflict is still ongoing as a result of becoming unfit for service (e.g., because they have acquired a disability or psychosocial or mental health impairment). Decisions on adopting a reintegration support approach are guided by political strategies and informed by domestic fiscal realities.  While the security sector in most contexts may be overly large and costly, it is often not possible to reduce its size in the immediate period following conflict. Also, a formal launch of \u201cdownsizing\u201d exercises may create unsustainable political pressures and increase insecurity in a fragile post-conflict environment.",
        "Can": false,
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    },
    {
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        "Title": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
        "Heading1": "",
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        "Paragraph": "8.3 Reintegration assistance versus separation benefits and pensions Reintegration assistance should not be confused with pension schemes. Pensions are a long-term entitlement provided by the State, whereas reintegration support is provided for a finite, predetermined period of time, such as two to three years, through external financial assistance or the State budgets (see IDDRS 4.30 on Reintegration). SSR and DDR practitioners should pay special attention to the eligibility of women for pensions and/or disability benefits, as frequently they can be purposely or inadvertently left out of such processes because of strict criteria that do not recognize their specific roles in the conflict and their eligibility for such processes where the State has extended this eligibility (see IDDRS 5.80 on Disability-Inclusive DDR).  While former members of armed groups are not typically eligible to receive separation benefits like those that may be provided to serving security personnel, a Government may decide to extend eligibility to them and/or to include other benefits as part of the peace agreement. In some cases, former combatants may receive such support from other State programmes as well as through the DDR programme.  DDR practitioners should also be aware of relevant reintegration services that are available and be sure to factor them in their planning. They should also take into account how well these services are resourced to avoid tensions among eligible recipients. Where possible, public information campaigns accompanying DDR and SSR should help to make individuals aware of what they are eligible for (see IDDRS 4.60 on Public Information and Strategic Communication in Support of DDR and IDDRS 5.10 on Women, Gender and DDR).",
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        "Module": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Paragraph": "9. DDR, SSR and cross-cutting issues The topics and questions outlined in this module present issues that cut across DDR and SSR processes and link them in different ways. In addition to the topics outlined, there are considerations that are not specific to either SSR or DDR, but that should be considered in an integrated manner to manage risks and ensure the highest impact of UN and international support to SSR/DDR.",
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    {
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        "Module": "IDDRS 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform_validated copy-edit clean_10 Apr 2023",
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        "Paragraph": "9.1 Adopting a national funding lens for DDR and SSR programmes   DDR and SSR are expensive processes drawing on limited domestic and foreign funding. Traditionally, donors have invested solidly in DDR processes, as they were comprehensive and signaled a reliable transition from conflict to peace. As Governments and donors face growing demands for funding of development, humanitarian and security needs, it is crucial that SSR and DDR experts design programmes and strategies that can be sustained on realistic national budgets. Linking support to DDR and SSR to reforms and public finance including security sector planning, budgeting and financing can be a sign of commitment by national authorities to DDR and SSR processes (see also IDDRS 3.41 on DDR Budgeting and Financing). The incorporation of SSR/DDR commitments into national development funding frameworks is critical for ensuring the long-term commitment and progress on gains supported by the United Nations.",
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        "Paragraph": "9.2 Integrated approach to partnerships\t The landscape of international partners and donors for DDR and SSR has changed considerably over the past decade. More actors, often with differing approaches and priorities, may offer more support but may also pull in opposite directions and allow national stakeholders to shop for partners, thus avoiding difficult decisions and seeking support for short-term solutions that may undermine the DDR/SSR process. It is therefore critical that the United Nations takes an integrated approach to partnerships on SSR/DDR \u2013 ensuring joint strategic priorities and coordinated messaging and approaches to funding for DDR/SSR.",
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]