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# App_standards

standardTitle: Introduction to the IDDRS
stamdardNumber: 1.10
standardPath: 1/IDDRS-1.10-Introduction-To-The-IDDRS.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Since the late 1980s, the United Nations (UN) has increasingly been called upon to support the implementation of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programmes in countries emerging from conflict. In a peacekeeping context, this trend has been part of a move towards complex operations that seek to deal with a wide variety of issues ranging from security to human rights, rule of law, elections and economic governance, rather than traditional peacekeeping where two warring parties were separated by a ceasefire line patrolled by blue- helmeted soldiers. The changed nature of peacekeeping and post-conflict recovery strategies requires close coordination among UN departments, agencies, funds and programmes. In the past five years alone, DDR has been included in the mandates for multidimensional peacekeeping operations in Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia and Sudan. Simultaneously, the UN has increased its DDR engagement in non-peacekeeping contexts, namely in Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, the Congo, Indonesia (Aceh), Niger, Somalia, Solomon Islands and Uganda. While the UN has acquired significant experience in the planning and management of DDR programmes, it has yet to establish a collective approach to DDR, or clear and usable policies and guidelines to facilitate coordination and cooperation among UN agencies, departments and programmes. This has resulted in poor coordination and planning and gaps in the implementation of DDR programmes.</p>


standardTitle: The UN Approach to DDR
stamdardNumber: 2.10
standardPath: 2/IDDRS-2.10-The-UN-Approach-To-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>ntegrated disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is part of the United Nations (UN) system’s multidimensional approach that contributes to the entire peace continuum, from prevention, conflict resolution and peacekeeping, to peacebuilding and development. Integrated DDR processes are made up of various combinations of:</p>
  <ul>
  <li>DDR programmes;</li>
  <li>DDR-related tools;</li>
  <li>Reintegration support, including when complementing DDR-related tools.</li>
  </ul>
  <p>DDR practitioners select the most appropriate of these measures to be applied on the basis of a thorough analysis of the particular context. Coordination is key to integrated DDR and is predicated on mechanisms that guarantee synergy and common purpose among all UN actors.</p>
  <p>The Integrated DDR Standards (IDDRS) contained in this document are a compilation of the UN’s knowledge and experience in this field. They show how integrated DDR processes can contribute to preventing conflict escalation, supporting political processes, building security, protecting civilians, promoting gender equality and addressing its root causes, reconstructing the social fabric and developing human capacity. Integrated DDR is at the heart of peacebuilding and aims to contribute to long-term security and stability.</p>
  <p>Within the UN, integrated DDR takes place in partnership with Member States in both mission and non-mission settings, including in peace operations where they are mandated, and with the cooperation of agencies, funds and programmes. In countries and regions where integrated DDR processes are implemented, there should be a focus on capacity-building at the regional, national and local levels in order to encourage sustainable regional, national and/or local ownership and other peacebuilding measures. </p>
  <p>Integrated DDR processes should work towards sustaining peace. Whereas peacebuilding activities are typically understood as a response to conflict once it has already broken out, the sustaining peace approach recognizes the need to work along the entire peace continuum and towards the prevention of conflict before it occurs. In this way the UN should support those capacities, institutions and attitudes that help communities to resolve conflicts peacefully. The implications of working along the peace continuum are particularly important for the provision of reintegration support. Now, as part of the sustaining peace approach those individuals leaving armed groups can be supported not only in post-conflict situations, but also during conflict escalation and ongoing conflict.</p>
  <p>Community-based approaches to reintegration support, in particular, are well positioned to operationalize the sustaining peace approach. They address the needs of former combatants, persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups, and receiving communities, while necessitating the multidimensional/sectoral expertise of several UN and regional actors across the humanitarian-peace-development nexus (see IDDRS 2.40 on Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace).</p>
  <p>Integrated DDR should also be characterized by flexibility, including in funding structures, to adapt quickly to the dynamic and often volatile conflict and post-conflict environment. DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support, in whichever combination they are implemented, shall be synchronized through integrated coordination mechanisms, and carefully monitored and evaluated for effectiveness and with sensitivity to conflict dynamics and potential unintended effects.</p>
  <p>Five categories of people should be taken into consideration in integrated DDR processes as participants or beneficiaries, depending on the context:</p>
  <ol>
  <li>members of armed forces and groups who served in combat and/or support roles (those in support roles are often referred to as being associated with armed forces and groups);<br /> 2. abductees or victims;<br /> 3. dependents/families;<br /> 4. civilian returnees or ‘self-demobilized’;<br /> 5. community members.</li>
  </ol>
  <p>In each of these five categories, consideration should be given to addressing the specific needs and capacities of women, youth, children, persons with disabilities, and persons with chronic illnesses. In particular, the unconditional and immediate release of children associated with armed forces and groups must be a priority. Children must be supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities at all times, irrespective of the status of peace negotiations and/or the development of DDR programmes and DDR-related tools.</p>
  <p>DDR programmes consist of a set of related measures, with a particular aim, falling under the operational categories of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. Disarmament and other DDR-related weapons control activities aim to reduce the number of illicit weapons, ammunition and explosives in circulation and are important elements in responding to and addressing the drivers of conflict. Demobilization, including the provision of tailored reinsertion packages, is crucial in discharging combatants and those in support roles from the structures of armed forces and groups. Furthermore, DDR programmes emphasize the developmental impact of sustainable and inclusive reintegration and its positive effect on the consolidation of long-lasting peace and security.</p>
  <p>Lessons and experiences have shown that the following preconditions are required for the implementation of a viable DDR programme:</p>
  <ul>
  <li>the signing of a negotiated ceasefire and/or peace agreement that provides the framework for DDR;</li>
  <li>trust in the peace process;</li>
  <li>willingness of the parties to the armed conflict to engage in DDR; and</li>
  <li>a minimum guarantee of security. </li>
  </ul>
  <p><span style="font-size: 14px;">When these preconditions are in place, a DDR programme provides a common results framework for the coordination, management and implementation of DDR by national Governments with support from the UN system and regional and local stakeholders. A DDR programme establishes the outcomes, outputs, activities and inputs required, organizes costing requirements into a budget, and sets the monitoring and</span>evaluation framework, including by identifying indicators, targets and milestones. </p>
  <p>In addition to DDR programmes, the UN has developed a set of DDR-related tools aiming to provide immediate and targeted responses. These include pre-DDR, transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM), community violence reduction (CVR), initiatives to prevent individuals from joining armed groups designated as terrorist organizations, DDR support to mediation, and DDR support to transitional security arrangements. In addition, support to programmes for those leaving armed groups labelled and/or designated as terrorist organizations may also be provided by DDR practitioners in compliance with international standards.</p>
  <p>The specific aims of DDR-related tools vary according to the context and can contribute to broader political and peacebuilding efforts in line with United Nations Security Council and General Assembly mandates and broader strategic frameworks, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (UNSDCF), the Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) and/or the Integrated Strategic Framework. A gender- and child-sensitive approach should be applied to the planning, implementation and monitoring of DDR-related tools.</p>
  <p>DDR-related tools may be applied before, during and after DDR programmes as complementary measures. However, they may also be used when the preconditions for DDR programmes are not in place. When this occurs, it is particularly important to delimit the boundaries of an integrated DDR process. Integrated DDR processes without DDR programmes do not include all ongoing stabilization and recovery measures, but only those DDR-related tools (CVR, transitional WAM, and so forth) and reintegration efforts that directly respond to the presence of active and/or former members of armed groups. Clear DDR mandates and specific requests for DDR assistance also define the parameters and scope of integrated DDR processes.</p>
  <p>The UN approach to integrated DDR recognizes the need to provide support for reintegration when the preconditions for DDR programmes are not present. In these contexts, reintegration may take place alongside/following DDR-related tools, or when DDR-related tools are not in use. The aim of this support is to facilitate the sustainable reintegration of those leaving armed forces and groups. Moreover, as part of the sustaining peace approach, community-based reintegration programmes also aim to contribute to preventing further recruitment and to sustaining peace, by supporting communities of return, restoring social relations and avoiding perceptions of inequitable access to resources. In this context, exits from armed groups and the reintegration of adult ex-combatants can and should be supported at all times, even in the absence of a DDR programme.</p>
  <p>Support to sustainable reintegration that addresses the needs of affected groups and harnesses their capacities, either as part of DDR programmes or not, requires a thorough understanding of the drivers of conflict, the specific needs of men, women, children and youth, their coping mechanisms and the opportunities for peace. Reintegration assistance should ensure the transition from individually focused to community approaches. This is so that resources can be applied to the benefit of the community in a balanced manner minimizing the stigmatization of former armed group members and contributing to reconciliation and reconstruction of the social fabric. In non-mission contexts, where funding mechanisms are not linked to peacekeeping assessed budgets, the use of DDR-related tools should, even in the initial planning phases, be coordinated with community-based reintegration support in order to ensure sustainability.</p>
  <p>Together, DDR programmes, DDR-related tools, and reintegration support provide a menu of options for DDR practitioners. If the aforementioned preconditions are in place, DDR-related tools may be used before, after or alongside a DDR programme. DDR-related tools and/or reintegration support may also be applied in the absence of preconditions and/or following the determination that a DDR programme is not appropriate for the context. In these cases, DDR-related tools may serve to build trust among the parties and contribute to a secure environment, possibly even paving the way for a DDR programme in the future (if still necessary). Notably, if DDR-related tools are applied with the explicit intent of creating the preconditions for a DDR programme, a combination of top-down and bottom-up measures (e.g., CVR coupled with DDR support to mediation) may be required.</p>
  <p>When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, all DDR-related tools and support to reintegration efforts shall be implemented in line with the applicable legal framework and the key principles of integrated DDR as defined in these standards.</p>


standardTitle: The Legal Framework for UN DDR
stamdardNumber: 2.11
standardPath: 2/IDDRS-2.11-The-Legal-Framework-For-UNDDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p><span style="font-size: 14px;">A variety of actors in the UN system support DDR processes within national contexts. In carrying out DDR, these actors are governed by their respective constituent instruments, by the specific mandates provided by their respective governing bodies, and by applicable internal rules, policies and procedures.</span></p>
  <p>DDR is also undertaken within the context of a broader international legal framework, which contains rights and obligations that may be of relevance for the implementation of DDR tasks. This framework includes international humanitarian law, international human rights law, international criminal law, and international refugee law, as well as the international counter-terrorism and arms control frameworks. UN system-supported DDR processes should be implemented in a manner that ensures that the relevant rights and obligations under the international legal framework are respected.</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>


standardTitle: The Politics of DDR
stamdardNumber: 2.20
standardPath: 2/IDDRS-2.20-The-Politics-of-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is not only a technical undertaking. Many aspects of the DDR process will influence, and be influenced by, political dynamics. Understanding the political dynamics that influence DDR processes requires knowledge of the historical and political context, the actors and stakeholders (armed and unarmed), and the conflict drivers, including local, national and regional aspects that may interact and feed into an armed conflict.</p>
  <p>Armed groups often mobilize for political reasons and/or in response to a range of security, socioeconomic or other grievances. Peace negotiations and processes provide warring parties with a way to end violence and address their grievances through peaceful means. Armed forces may also need to be factored into peace agreements and proportionality between armed forces and groups – in terms of DDR support – taken into account.</p>
  <p>DDR practitioners may provide support to the mediation of peace agreements and to the subsequent oversight and implementation of the relevant parts of these agreements. DDR practitioners can also advise mediators and facilitators so as to ensure that peace agreements incorporate realistic DDR-related clauses, that the parties have a common understanding of the outcome of the DDR process and how this will be implemented, and that DDR processes are not undertaken in isolation but are integrated with other aspects of a peace process, since the success of each is mutually reinforcing.</p>
  <p>All peace agreements contain security provisions to address the control and management of violence in various forms including right-sizing, DDR, and/or other forms of security coordination and control. When and if a given peace agreement demands a DDR process, the national political framework for that particular DDR process is often provided by a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that seeks to address political and security issues. Without such an agreement, warring parties are unlikely to agree to measures that reduce their ability to use military force to reach their goals. In a CPA, it is very common for DDR programmes to be tied to ceasefire provisions and ‘final security arrangements’. If armed groups have political aspirations, the chances of the successful implementation of a CPA can be improved if DDR processes are sensitively designed to support the transformation of these groups into political entities.</p>
  <p>DDR processes may also follow local-level agreements. Local politics can be as important in driving armed conflict as grievances against the State. By focusing on the latter, national-level peace agreements may not address or resolve local conflicts. Therefore, these conflicts may continue even when national-level peace agreements have been signed and implemented. Local-level peace agreements may take a number of different forms, including (but not limited to) local non-aggression pacts between armed groups, deals regarding access to specific areas and community violence reduction (CVR) agreements. DDR practitioners should assess whether local DDR processes remain at the local level, or whether local- and national-level dynamics should be linked in a common multilevel approach.</p>
  <p>Finally, DDR processes can also be undertaken in the absence of peace agreements. In these instances, DDR interventions may be designed to contribute to stabilization, to make the returns of stability more tangible or to create more conducive environments for peace agreements (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR). These interventions should not be reactive and ad hoc, but should be carefully planned in advance in accordance with a predefined strategy.</p>


standardTitle: Community Violence Reduction
stamdardNumber: 2.30
standardPath: 2/IDDRS-2.30-Community-Violence-Reduction.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Integrated disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes increasingly include a community violence reduction (CVR) component as a direct contribution to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related deaths everywhere. As outlined in the United Nations (UN) approach to DDR, CVR is a DDR-related tool that directly responds to the presence of active and/or former members of armed groups, and is designed to promote security and stability in both mission and non-mission contexts (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR). CVR shall not be used to provide material and financial assistance to active members of armed groups.</p>
  <p>In situations where the preconditions for a DDR programme exist, CVR may be pursued before, during, and after a DDR programme. Specific provisions for CVR may also be included in local-level peace agreements, sometimes instead of DDR programmes (see IDDRS 2.20 on The Politics of DDR). CVR may also be pursued when the preconditions for a DDR programme are absent. In this context, CVR can contribute to security and stabilization, help to make the returns of stability more tangible, and create more conducive environments for national and local peace processes.</p>
  <p>There is no uniform or standard template for CVR, although all CVR programmes share the overarching goal of reducing armed violence and sustaining peace (see IDDRS 2.40 on Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace). CVR can be used for a variety of purposes, ranging from the prevention of (re-)recruitment to improving the capacities of communities to absorb ex-combatants and associated groups. CVR may also be used as stop-gap reinsertion assistance at the community level, while reintegration is still at the planning and/or resource mobilization stage.</p>
  <p>Specific theories of change for CVR programmes should be developed and adapted to particular contexts. However, very often an underlying expectation of CVR is that specific programme activities will foster social cohesion and provide former combatants and other at-risk individuals with alternatives to joining armed groups. As a result, communities will become active participants in the reduction of armed violence. While CVR can achieve significant results, it is neither a short-term panacea nor a long-term development programme. Adequate linkages with recovery and development programmes are therefore key.</p>
  <p>CVR programmes may complement other elements of the broader DDR process. For example, CVR can complement other DDR-related tools such as transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM) (see IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management), and can be used as part of programmes for those leaving armed groups designated as terrorist organizations by the United Nations Security Council (see IDDRS 2.11 on The Legal Framework for UN DDR). In mission settings, CVR will be funded through the allocation of assessed contributions. Therefore, where appropriate, planning for CVR should ensure adequate linkages with support to the reintegration of ex-combatants and associated groups. In non-mission settings, funding for CVR will depend on the allocation of national budgets and/or voluntary contributions from donors. Therefore, in instances where CVR and support to community based reintegration are both envisaged, they should, from the outset, be planned and implemented as a single and continuous programme.</p>


standardTitle: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
stamdardNumber: 2.40
standardPath: 2/IDDRS-2.40-Reintegration-as-Part-of-Sustaining-Peace.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The reintegration of ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups is a long-term process with social, economic and political dimensions. It may be influenced by factors such as the choices and capacities of individuals to shape a new life, the security situation and perceptions of security, family and support networks, and the psychological well-being and mental health of ex-combatants and the wider community. Reintegration processes are part of the development of a country. Facilitating reintegration is therefore primarily the responsibility of national Governments and their institutions, with the international community playing a supporting role if requested.</p>
  <p>Efforts to support the transition of ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups into civilian life have typically taken place as part of post-conflict DDR programmes. During DDR programmes assistance is often given collectively, to large numbers of DDR participants and beneficiaries, as part of the implementation of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). However, when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, reintegration support can still play an important role in sustaining peace. The twin UN resolutions on the 2015 peacebuilding architecture review, General Assembly resolution 70/262 and Security Council resolution 2282, recognize that efforts to sustain peace are necessary at all stages of conflict. This renewed UN policy engagement emerges from the need to address ongoing armed conflicts that are often protracted and complex. In these settings, individuals may exit armed forces and groups during all phases of an armed conflict. This type of exit will often be individual and can take different forms, including voluntary exit or capture.</p>
  <p>In order to support and strengthen the foundation for sustainable peace, the reintegration of ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups should not only be supported after an armed conflict has ended. Instead, reintegration support should be considered at all times, even in the absence of a DDR programme. This support may include the provision of assistance to those who return to peaceful areas of the conflict-affected country, and to those who return to peaceful countries of origin, in the case of foreign fighters.</p>
  <p>When reintegration support is provided during ongoing conflict, it should aim to strengthen resilience against re-recruitment and also to prevent additional first-time recruitment. To do this it is important to strengthen what still works, including the residual capacities for peace that people and communities draw on in times of conflict. The strengthening of peace capacities can be based on the identification of the reasons why some individuals do not join armed groups, and why some combatants leave armed groups and turn away from armed violence.</p>
  <p>There will be additional challenges when supporting reintegration during ongoing conflict. Support to reintegration as part of sustaining peace requires analysis of the intended and unintended outcomes precipitated by engagement in dynamic, conflict-affected environments. DDR practitioners and others involved in the provision of reintegration support should understand how engagement in such contexts has implications for social relations/dynamics – positive and negative – so as to ‘do no harm’ and, in fact, ‘do good’. It should also be recognized that the risk of doing harm is greater in ongoing conflict contexts, thereby demanding a higher level of coordination among existing and planned programmes to avoid the possibility that they may negatively affect each other. In order to support the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, reintegration programme coordination should extend to broader programmes and actors.</p>


standardTitle: Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures
stamdardNumber: 3.10
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.10-Integrated-DDR-Planning-Processes-and-Structures.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) are all complex and sensitively linked processes that demand considerable human and financial resources to plan, implement and monitor. Given the many different actors involved in the various stages of DDR, and the fact that its phases are interdependent, integrated planning, effective coordination and coherent reporting arrangements are essential. Past experiences have highlighted the need for the various actors involved in planning and implementing DDR, and monitoring its impacts, to work together in a complementary way that avoids unnecessary duplication of effort or competition for funds and other resources. This module provides guidelines for improving inter-agency cooperation in the planning of DDR programmes and operations. The module shows how successful implementation can be achieved through an inclusive process of assessment and analysis that provides the basis for the formulation of a comprehensive programme framework and operational plan. This mechanism is known as the ‘planning cycle’, and originates from both the integrated mission planning process (IMPP) and post-conflict United Nations (UN) country team planning mechanisms.</p>


standardTitle: DDR Programme Design
stamdardNumber: 3.20
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.20-DDR-Programme-Design.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Each programme design cycle, including the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programme design cycle, has three stages: (1) detailed field assessments; (2) detailed programme development and costing of requirements; and (3) development of an implementation plan. Throughout the programme design cycle, it is of the utmost importance to use a flexible approach. While experiencing each stage of the cycle and moving from one stage to the other, it is important to ensure coordination among all the participants and stakeholders involved, especially national stakeholders. A framework that would probably work for integrated DDR programme design is the post­conflict needs assessment (PCNA), which ensures consistency between United Nations (UN) and national objectives, while considering differing approaches to DDR.</p>
  <p>Before the detailed programme design cycle can even begin, a comprehensive field needs assessment should be carried out, focusing on areas such as the country’s social, economic and political context; possible participants, beneficiaries and partners in the DDR programme; the operational environment; and key priority objectives. This assessment helps to establish important aspects such as positive or negative factors that can affect the outcome of the DDR programme, baseline factors for programme design and identification of institutional capacities for carrying out DDR.</p>
  <p>During the second stage of the cycle, key considerations include identifying DDR participants and beneficiaries, as well as performance indicators, such as reintegration opportunities, the security situation, size and organization of the armed forces and groups, socio­economic baselines, the availability and distribution of weapons, etc. Also, methodologies for data collection together with analysis of assessment results (quantitative, qualitative, mass surveys, etc.) need to be decided.</p>
  <p>When developing DDR programme documents, the central content should be informed by strategic objectives and outcomes, key principles of intervention, preconditions and, most importantly, a strategic vision and approach. For example, in determining an overall strategic approach to DDR, the following questions should be asked: (1) How will multiple components of DDR programme design reflect the realities and needs of the situation? (2) How will eligibility criteria for entry in the DDR programme be determined? (3) How will DDR activities be organized into phases and in what order will they take place within the recommended programme time­frame? (4) Which key issues are vital to the implementation of the programme? Defining the overall approach to DDR defines how the DDR programme will, ultimately, be put into operation.</p>
  <p>When developing the results and budgeting framework, an important consideration should be ensuring that the programme that is designed complies with the peacekeeping results­based budgeting framework, and establishing a sequence of stages for the implementation of the programme.</p>
  <p>The final stage of the DDR programme design cycle should include developing planning instruments to aid practitioners (UN, non­UN and government) to implement the activities and strategies that have been planned. When formulating the sequence of stages for the implementation of the programme, particular attention should be paid to coordinated management arrangements, a detailed work plan, timing and methods of implementation.


standardTitle: National Institutions for DDR
stamdardNumber: 3.30
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.30-National-Institutions-for-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <h3>Summary</h3>
  <p>Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programmes have increasingly relied on national institutions to ensure their success and sustainability. This module discusses three main issues related to national institutions:</p>
  <p>1. mandates and legal frameworks;<br />
  2. structures and functions; and<br />
  3. coordination with international DDR structures and processes.</p>
  <p>The mandates and legal frameworks of national institutions will vary according to the nature of the DDR programme, the approach that is adopted, the division of responsibilities with international partners and the administrative structures found in the country. It is important to ensure that national and international mandates for DDR are clear and coherent, and that a clear division of labour is established. Mandates and basic principles, institutional mechanisms, time-frames and eligibility criteria should be defined in the peace accord, and national authorities should establish the appropriate framework for DDR through legislation, decrees or executive orders.</p>
  <p>The structures of national institutions will also vary depending on the political and institutional context in which they are created. They should nevertheless reflect the security, social and economic dimensions of the DDR process in question by including broad representation across a number of government ministries, civil society organizations and the private sector.</p>
  <p>In addition, national institutions should adequately function at three different levels:</p>
  <p>the policy/strategic level through the establishment of a national commission on DDR;</p>
  <p>the planning and technical levels through the creation of a national technical planning and coordination body;</p>
  <p>and the implementation/operational level through a joint implementation unit and field/ regional offices.</p>
  <p>There will be generally a range of national and international partners engaged in implementation of different components of the national DDR programme.</p>
  <p>Coordination with international DDR structures and processes should be also ensured at the policy, planning and operational levels. The success and sustainability of a DDR programme depend on the ability of international expertise to complement and support a nationally led process. A UN strategy in support of DDR should therefore take into account not only the context in which DDR takes place, but also the existing capacity of national and local actors to develop, manage and implement DDR.</p>
  <p>Areas of support for national institutions are: institutional capacity development; legal frameworks; policy, planning and implementation; financial management; material and logistic assistance; training for national staff; and community development and empowerment.</p>


standardTitle: Mission and Programme Support for DDR
stamdardNumber: 3.40
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.40-Mission-and-Programme-Support-for-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The base of a well-functioning integrated disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programme is the strength of its logistic, financial and administrative performance. If the multifunctional support capabilities, both within and outside peacekeeping missions, operate efficiently, then planning and delivery of logistic support to a DDR programme are more effective.</p>
  <p>The three central components of DDR logistic requirements include: equipment and services; finance and budgeting; and personnel. Depending on the DDR programme in question, many support services might be necessary in the area of equipment and services, e.g. living and working accommodation, communications, air transport, etc. Details regarding finance and budgeting, and personnel logistics for an integrated DDR unit are described in IDDRS 3.41 and 3.42.</p>
  <p>Logistic support in a peacekeeping mission provides a number of options. Within an integrated mission support structure, logistic support is available for civilian staffing, finances and a range of elements such as transportation, medical services and information technology. In a multidimensional operation, DDR is just one of the components requiring specific logistic needs. Some of the other components may include military and civilian headquarters staff and their functions, or military observers and their activities.</p>
  <p>When the DDR unit of a mission states its logistic requirements, the delivery of the supplies/services requested all depends on the quality of information provided to logistics planners by DDR managers. Some of the important information DDR managers need to provide to logistics planners well ahead of time are the estimated total number of ex-combatants, broken down by sex, age, disability or illness, parties/groups and locations/sectors. Also, a time-line of the DDR programme is especially helpful.</p>
  <p>DDR managers must also be aware of long lead times for acquisition of services and materials, as procurement tends to slow down the process. It is also recommended that a list of priority equipment and services, which can be funded by voluntary contributions, is made. Each category of logistic resources (civilian, commercial, military) has distinct advantages and disadvantages, which are largely dependent upon how hostile the operating environment is and the cost.</p>


standardTitle: Finance and Budgeting
stamdardNumber: 3.41
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.41-Finance-and-Budgeting.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The system of funding of a disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programme varies according to the different involvement of international actors. When the World Bank (with its Multi-Donor Trustfund) plays a leading role in supporting a national DDR programme, funding is normally provided for all demobilization and reintegration activities, while additional World Bank International Development Association (IDA) loans are also provided. In these instances, funding comes from a single source and is largely guaranteed.</p>
  <p>In instances where the United Nations (UN) takes the lead, several sources of funding may be brought together to support a national DDR programme. Funds may include contributions from the peacekeeping assessed budget; core funding from the budgets of UN agencies, funds and programmes; voluntary contributions from donors to a UN-managed trust fund; bilateral support from a Member State to the national programme; and contributions from the World Bank.</p>
  <p>In a peacekeeping context, funding may come from some or all of the above funding sources. In this situation, a good understanding of the policies and procedures governing the employment and management of financial support from these different sources is vital to the success of the DDR programme.</p>
  <p>Since several international actors are involved, it is important to be aware of important DDR funding requirements, resource mobilization options, funding mechanisms and financial management structures for DDR programming. Within DDR funding requirements, for example, creating an integrated DDR plan, investing heavily in the reintegration phase and increasing accountability by using the results-based budgeting (RBB) process can contri­bute to the success and long-term sustainability of a DDR programme.</p>
  <p>When budgeting for DDR programmes, being aware of the various funding sources available is especially helpful. The peacekeeping assessed budget process, which covers military, personnel and operational costs, is vital to DDR programming within the UN peacekeeping context. Both in and outside the UN system, rapid response funds are available. External sources of funding include voluntary donor contributions, the World Bank PostConflict Fund, the Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Programme (MDRP), government grants and agency in-kind contributions.</p>
  <p>Once funds have been committed to DDR programmes, there are different funding mechanisms that can be used and various financial management structures for DDR programmes that can be created. Suitable to an integrated DDR plan is the Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP), which is the normal UN inter-agency planning, coordination and resource mobilization mechanism for the response to a crisis. Transitional appeals, Post-Conflict Needs Assessments (PCNAs) and international donors’ conferences usually involve governments and are applicable to the conflict phase. In the case of RBB, programme budgeting that is defined by clear objectives, indicators of achievement, outputs and influence of external factors helps to make funds more sustainable. Effective financial management structures for DDR programmes are based on a coherent system for ensuring flexible and sustainable financing for DDR activities. Such a coherent structure is guided by, among other factors, a coordinated arrangement for the funding of DDR activities and an agreed framework for joint DDR coordination, monitoring and evaluation.</p>


standardTitle: Personnel and Staffing
stamdardNumber: 3.42
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.42-Personnel-and-Staffing.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Creating an effective disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) unit requires paying careful attention to a set of multidimensional components and principles. The main components of an integrated DDR unit are: political and programme management; overall DDR planning and coordination; monitoring and evaluation; public information and sensi­tization; administrative and financial management; and setting up and running regional DDR offices. Each of these components has specific requirements for appropriate and welltrained personnel.</p>
  <p>As the process of DDR includes numerous cross-cutting issues, personnel in an integrated DDR unit include individuals from varying work sectors and specialities. Therefore, the selection and maintenance of integrated DDR unit personnel, based on a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), is defined by the following principles: joint management of the DDR unit (in this case, management by a peacekeeping mission chief and UNDP chief); secondment of an administrative and finance cell by UNDP; secondment of staff from other United Nations (UN) entities assisted by project support staff to fulfil the range of needs for an integrated DDR unit; and, finally, continuous links with other parts of the peacekeeping mission for the development of a joint DDR planning and programming approach.</p>


standardTitle: Monitoring and Evaluation
stamdardNumber: 3.50
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.50-Monitoring-and-Evaluation-of-DDR-Programmes.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Monitoring and evaluation (M&amp;E) has been one of the weakest areas of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programme management in the past, partly due to a lack of proper planning, a standardized M&amp;E framework, and human and financial resources specifically dedicated to M&amp;E. Past experiences have highlighted the need for more effective M&amp;E in order to develop an effective, efficient and sustainable DDR programme that will achieve the objectives of improving stability and security. M&amp;E is an essential management tool and provides a chance to track progress, improve activities, objectively verify the outcomes and impact of a programme, and learn lessons that can be fed into future programmes and policies. This module outlines standards for improving inter-agency cooperation in designing and conducting effective M&amp;E. It further shows how M&amp;E can be planned and implemented effectively through a creation of a DDRspecific M&amp;E work plan, which consists of a plan for data collection, data analysis and reporting. It also provides some generic M&amp;E indicators within a results-management framework, which can be modified and adapted to each programme and project.</p>


standardTitle: Disarmament
stamdardNumber: 4.10
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.10-Disarmament.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Disarmament is the act of reducing or eliminating access to weapons. It is usually regarded as the first step in a DDR programme. This voluntary handover of weapons, ammunition and explosives is a highly symbolic act in sealing the end of armed conflict, and in concluding an individual’s active role as a combatant. Disarmament is also essential to developing and maintaining a secure environment in which demobilization and reintegration can take place and can play an important role in crime prevention.</p>
  <p>Disarmament operations are increasingly implemented in contexts characterized by acute armed violence, complex and varied armed forces and groups, and the prevalence of a wide range of weaponry and explosives.</p>
  <p>This module provides the guidance necessary to effectively plan and implement disarmament operations within DDR programmes and to ensure that these operations contribute to the establishment of an environment conducive to inclusive political transition and sustainable peace.</p>
  <p>The disarmament component of a DDR programme is usually broken down into four main phases: (1) operational planning, (2) weapons collection operations, (3) stockpile management, and (4) disposal of collected materiel. This module provides technical and programmatic guidance for each phase to ensure that activities are evidence-based, coherent, effective, gender-responsive and as safe as possible.</p>
  <p>The handling of weapons, ammunition and explosives comes with significant risks. Therefore, the guidance provided within this module is based on the Modular Small-Arms Control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC)1 and the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).2 Additional documents containing norms, standards and guidelines relevant to this module can be found in Annex B.</p>
  <p>Disarmament operations must take the regional and sub-regional context into consideration, as<br />well as applicable legal frameworks. All disarmament operations must also be designed and implemented in an inclusive and gender responsive manner. Disarmament carried out within a DDR programme is only one aspect of broader DDR arms control activities and of the national arms control management system (see IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management). DDR programmes should therefore be designed to reinforce security nationwide and be planned in coordination with wider peacebuilding and recovery efforts.</p>


standardTitle: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
stamdardNumber: 4.11
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.11-Transitional-Weapons-and-Ammunition-Management.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>DDR practitioners increasingly operate in contexts with fragmented but well-equipped armed groups and acute levels of proliferation of illicit weapons, ammunition and explosives. In settings where armed conflict is ongoing and peace agreements have been neither signed nor implemented, disarmament as part of a DDR programme may not be the most suitable approach to control the circulation of weapons, ammunition and explosives because armed groups may be reluctant to disarm without strong security guarantees (see IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament). Instead, these contexts require the design and implementation of innovative DDR-related tools, such as transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM).</p>
  <p>When implemented as part of a DDR process (either with or without a DDR programme), transitional WAM has two primary aims: to reduce the capacity of individuals and groups to engage in armed conflict, and to reduce accidents and save lives by addressing the immediate risks related to the illicit possession of weapons, ammunition and explosives. By supporting better arms control and preventing the diversion of weapons, ammunition and explosives to unauthorized end users, transitional WAM can be a strong component of the sustaining peace approach and contribute to preventing the outbreak, escalation, continuation and recurrence of conflict (see IDDRS 2.40 on Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace). In settings where a peace agreement has been signed and the necessary preconditions for a DDR programme are in place, transitional WAM can also be used before, during and after DDR programmes as a complementary measure (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR).</p>


standardTitle: Demobilization
stamdardNumber: 4.20
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.20-Demobilization.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Demobilization occurs when members of armed forces and groups transition from military to civilian life. It is the second step of a DDR programme and part of the demilitarization efforts of a society emerging from conflict. Demobilization operations shall be designed for combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. Female combatants and women associated with armed forces and groups have traditionally faced obstacles to entering DDR programmes, so particular attention should be given to facilitating their access to reinsertion and reintegration support. Victims, dependants and community members do not participate in demobilization activities. However, where dependants have accompanied armed forces or groups, provisions may be made for them during demobilization, including for their accommodation or transportation to their communities. All demobilization operations shall be gender and age sensitive, nationally and locally owned, context specific and conflict sensitive.</p>
  <p>Demobilization must be meticulously planned. Demobilization operations should be preceded by an in-depth assessment of the location, number and type of individuals who are expected to demobilize, as well as their immediate needs. A risk and security assessment, to identify threats to the DDR programme, should also be conducted. Under the leadership of national authorities, rigorous, unambiguous and transparent eligibility criteria should be established, and decisions should be made on the number, type (semi-permanent or temporary) and location of demobilization sites.</p>
  <p>During demobilization, potential DDR participants should be screened to ascertain if they are eligible. Mechanisms to verify eligibility should be led or conducted with the close engagement of the national authorities. Verification can include questions concerning the location of specific battles and military bases, and the names of senior group members. If DDR participants are found to have committed, or there is a clear and reasonable indication that a DDR participant knowingly committed war crimes, crimes against humanity, terrorist acts or offences1 and/or genocide, they shall be removed from the DDR programme. Once eligibility has been established, basic registration data (name, age, contact information, etc.) should be entered into a case management system.</p>
  <p>Individuals who demobilize should also be provided with orientation briefings, physical and psychosocial health screenings and information that will support their return to the community. A discharge document, such as a demobilization declaration or certificate, should be given to former members of armed forces and groups as proof of their demobilization. During demobilization, DDR practitioners should also conduct a profiling exercise to identify obstacles that may prevent those eligible from full participation in the DDR programme, as well as the specific needs and ambitions of the demobilized. This information should be used to inform planning for reinsertion and/or reintegration support.</p>
  <p>If reinsertion assistance is foreseen as the second stage of the demobilization operation, DDR practitioners should also determine an appropriate transfer modality (cash-based transfers, commodity vouchers, in-kind support and/or public works programmes). As much as possible, reinsertion assistance should be designed to pave the way for subsequent reintegration support.</p>


standardTitle: Reintegration
stamdardNumber: 4.30
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.30-Reintegration.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Successful reintegration is a particular complex part of DDR. Ex-combatants and those previously associated with armed forces and groups are finally cut loose from structures and processes that are familiar to them. In some contexts, they re-enter societies that may be equally unfamiliar and that have often been significantly transformed by conflict.</p>
  <p>A key challenge that faces former combatants and associated groups is that it may be impossible for them to reintegrate in the area of origin. Their limited skills may have more relevance and market-value in urban settings, which are also likely to be unable to absorb them. In the worst cases, places from which ex-combatants came may no longer exist after a war, or ex- combatants may have been with armed forces and groups that committed atrocities in or near their own communities and may not be able to return home.</p>
  <p>Family and community support is essential for the successful reintegration of ex-combatants and associated groups, but their presence may make worse the real or perceived vulnerability of local populations, which have neither the capacity nor the desire to assist a ‘lost generation’ with little education, employment or training, war trauma, and a high militarized view of the world. Unsupported former combatants can be a major threat to the security of communities because of their lack of skills or assets and their tendency to rely on violence to get what they want.</p>
  <p>Ex-combatants and associated groups will usually need specifically designed, sustainable support to help them with their transition from military to civilian life. Yet the United Nations (UN) must also ensure that such support does not mean that other war-affected groups are treated unfairly or resentment is caused within the wider community. The reintegration of ex-combatants and associated groups must therefore be part of wider recovery strategies for all war-affected populations. Reintegration programmes should aim to build local and national capacities to manage the process in the long-term, as reintegration increasingly turns into reconstruction and development.</p>
  <p>This module recognizes that reintegration challenges are multidimensional, ranging from creating micro-enterprises and providing education and training, through to preparing receiving communities for the return of ex-combatants and associated groups, dealing with the psychosocial effects of war, ensuring ex-combatants also enjoy their civil and political rights, and meeting the specific needs of different groups.</p>


standardTitle: UN Military Roles and Responsibilities
stamdardNumber: 4.40
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.40-UN-Military-Roles-and-Responsibilities.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Military personnel possess a wide range of skills and capacities that can contribute to DDR processes in mission and non-mission settings. As outlined in IDDRS 2.10 on the UN Approach to DDR, mission settings are those situations in which peace operations are deployed through peacekeeping operations, political missions and good offices engagements, by the UN or a regional organization. Non-mission settings are those where no peace operation is deployed, either through a peacekeeping operation, political missions or good offices engagements.</p>
  <p>When DDR is implemented in mission settings with a UN peacekeeping operation, the primary role of the military component should be to provide a secure environment and to observe, monitor and report on security-related issues. This role may include the provision of security to DDR programmes and to DDR-related tools, including pre-DDR. In addition to providing security, military components in mission settings may also provide technical support to disarmament, transitional weapons and ammunition management, and the establishment and maintenance of transitional security arrangements (see IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament, IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management, and IDDRS 2.20 on The Politics of DDR).</p>
  <p>To ensure the successful employment of a military component within a mission setting, DDR tasks must be included in endorsed mission operational requirements, include a gender perspective and be specifically mandated and properly resourced. Without the requisite planning and coordination, military logistical capacity cannot be guaranteed.</p>
  <p>UN military contingents are often absent from special political missions (SPMs) and non-mission settings. In SPMs, UN military personnel will more often consist of military observers (MILOBs) and military advisers.1 These personnel may be able to provide technical advice on a range of security issues in support of DDR processes. They may also be required to build relationships with non-UN military forces mandated to support DDR processes, including national armed forces and regionally-led peace support operations.</p>
  <p>In non-mission settings, UN or regionally-led peace operations with military components are absent. Instead, national and international military personnel can be mandated to support DDR processes either as part of national armed forces or as part of joint military teams formed through bilateral military cooperation. The roles and responsibilities of these military personnel may be similar to those played by UN military personnel in mission settings.</p>


standardTitle: UN Police Roles and Responsibilities
stamdardNumber: 4.50
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.50-Police-Roles-and-Responsibilities.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Police personnel possess a wide range of skills and capacities that can contribute to DDR processes in mission and non-mission settings. As outlined in IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR, mission settings are those situations in which peace operations are deployed through peacekeeping operations, political missions and good offices engagements, by the UN or a regional organization. Non-mission settings are those where no peace operation is deployed, either through a peacekeeping operation, political missions or good offices engagements.</p>
  <p>In mission settings, the mandate granted by the UN Security Council will dictate the type and extent of UN police involvement in a DDR process. Dependent on the situation on the ground, this mandate can range from monitoring and advisory functions to full policing responsibilities. In mission settings with a peacekeeping operation, the UN police component will typically consist of individual police officers, formed police units and specialized police teams. In special political missions, formed police units will typically not be present, and the UN police presence may consist of senior advisers.</p>
  <p>In non-mission settings there is no UN Security Council mandate. Therefore, the type and extent of UN or international police involvement in a DDR process will be determined by the nature of the request received from a national Government or by bilateral cooperation agreements. An international police presence in a non-mission setting (whether UN or otherwise) will typically consist of advisers, mentors, trainers and/or policing experts, complemented where necessary by a specialized police team.</p>
  <p>When supporting DDR processes, police personnel may conduct several general tasks, including the provision of advice, support to coordination, monitoring and building public confidence. Police personnel may also conduct more specific tasks related to the particular type of DDR process that is underway. For example, as part of a DDR programme, police personnel at disarmament and demobilization sites can facilitate weapons tracing and the dynamic surveillance of weapons and ammunition storage sites. Police personnel may also support the implementation of different DDRrelated tools (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR). For example, police may support DDR practitioners who are engaged in the mediation of local peace agreements by orienting these individuals, and broader negotiating teams, to entry points in the community. Community-oriented policing practices and community violence reduction (CVR) programmes can also be mutually reinforcing (see IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction).</p>
  <p>Finally, when DDR processes are linked to security sector reform (SSR), UN police personnel have an important role to play in the reform of State police and law enforcement institutions and can positively contribute to the establishment and furtherance of professional standards and codes of conduct of policing.</p>


standardTitle: Public Information and Strategic Communications in Support of DDR
stamdardNumber: 4.60
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.60-Public-Information-and-Strategic-Communication.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Public information and strategic communication (PI/SC) are key support activities that are instrumental in the overall success of DDR processes. Public information is used to inform DDR participants, beneficiaries and other stakeholders of the process, while strategic communication influences attitudes towards DDR. If successful, PI/SC strategies will secure buy-in to the DDR process by outlining what DDR consists of and encouraging individuals to take part, as well as contribute to changing attitudes and behaviour.</p>
  <p>A DDR process should always be accompanied by a clearly articulated PI/SC strategy. As DDR does not occur in a vacuum, the design, dissemination and planning of PI/SC interventions should be an iterative process that occurs at all stages of the DDR process. PI/SC interventions should be continuously updated to be relevant to political and operational realities, including public sentiment about DDR and the wider international effort to which DDR contributes. It is crucial that DDR is framed and communicated carefully, taking into account the varying informational requirements of different stakeholders and the various grievances, perceptions, culture, biases and political perspectives of DDR participants, beneficiaries and communities.</p>
  <p>An effective PI/SC strategy should have clear overall objectives based on a careful assessment of the context in which DDR will take place. There are four principal objectives of PI/SC: (i) to inform by providing accurate information about the DDR process; (ii) to mitigate the potential negative impact of inaccurate and deceptive information that may hamper the success of DDR and wider peace efforts; (iii) to sensitize members of armed forces and groups to the DDR process; and (iv) to transform attitudes in communities in such a way that is conducive to DDR. PI/SC should make an important contribution towards creating a climate of peace and security, as well as promote gender-equitable norms and non-violent forms of masculinities. DDR practitioners should support their national counterparts (national Government and local authorities) to define these objectives so that activities related to PI/SC can be conducted while planning for the wider DDR process is ongoing. PI/SC as part of a DDR process should (i) be based on a sound analysis of the context, conflict and motivations of the many different groups at which these activities are directed; (ii) make use of the best and most trusted local methods of communication; and (iii) ensure that PI/SC materials and messages are pretested on a local audience and subsequently closely monitored and evaluated.</p>


standardTitle: Women, Gender and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.10
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.10-Women-Gender-and-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Women are increasingly involved in combat or are associated with armed groups and forces in other roles, work as community peace-builders, and play essential roles in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes. Yet they are almost never included in the planning or implementation of DDR. Since 2000, the United Nations (UN) and all other agencies involved in DDR and other post-conflict reconstruction activities have been in a better position to change this state of affairs by using Security Council resolution 1325, which sets out a clear and practical agenda for measuring the advancement of women in all aspects of peace-building. The resolution begins with the recognition that women’s visibility, both in national and regional instruments and in bi- and multilateral organizations, is vital. It goes on to call for gender awareness in all aspects of peacekeeping initiatives, especially demobilization and reintegration, urges women’s informed and active participation in disarmament exercises, and insists on the right of women to carry out their post-conflict reconstruction activities in an environment free from threat, especially of sexualized violence.</p>
  <p>Even when they are not involved with armed forces and groups themselves, women are strongly affected by decisions made during the demobilization of men. Furthermore, it is impossible to tackle the problems of women’s political, social and economic marginalization or the high levels of violence against women in conflict and post-conflict zones without paying attention to how men’s experiences and expectations also shape gender relations. This module therefore includes some ideas about how to design DDR processes for men in such a way that they will learn to resolve interpersonal conflicts without using violence to do so, which will increase the security of their families and broader communities.</p>
  <p>Special note is also made of girl soldiers in this module, because in some parts of the world, a girl who bears a child, no matter how young she is, immediately gains the status of a woman. Care should therefore be taken to understand local interpretations of who is seen as a girl and who a woman soldier.</p>
  <p>Peace-building, especially in the form of practical disarmament, needs to continue for a long time after formal demobilization and reintegration processes come to an end. This module is therefore intended to assist planners in designing and implementing gendersensitive short-term goals, and to help in the planning of future-oriented long-term peace support measures. It focuses on practical ways in which both women and girls, and men and boys can be included in the processes of disarmament and demobilization, and be recognized and supported in the roles they play in reintegration.</p>
  <p>The processes of DDR take place in such a wide variety of conditions that it would be impossible to discuss each of the circumstance-specific challenges that might arise. This module raises issues that frequently disappear in the planning stages of DDR, and aims to provoke further thinking and debate on the best ways to deal with the varied needs of people — male and female, old and young, healthy and unwell — in armed groups and forces, and those of the communities to which they return after war.</p>


standardTitle: Children and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.20
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.20-Children-and-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The recruitment of children – girls and boys under the age of 18 – and their use in hostilities or for other purposes by armed forces and groups is illegal. It is also one of the worst forms of child labour and exploitation. Efforts to prevent the recruitment of children into armed forces and groups should be a primary consideration during all DDR processes. Prevention efforts should start early—when possible, they should commence prior to armed conflict—and they should take place continuously throughout the conflict, with careful consideration given to the structural, social and individual factors associated with the risk of recruitment and re-recruitment.</p>
  <p>Irrespective of how children were recruited, the unconditional and immediate release of children associated with armed forces and groups (CAAFAG) shall be required. Any person under 18 years old must be supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities at all times, irrespective of the status of peace negotiations and/or the development of DDR processes. Nonetheless, where relevant, peace processes, including peace agreements and DDR policy documents, offer an opportunity to highlight the needs of children affected by armed conflict and to ensure that actions and funding streams to support child-specific processes are included. The commitment to stop the recruitment and use of children and to release children from armed forces and groups shall be explicit within peace agreements.</p>
  <p>DRR processes shall be specific to the needs of children and apply child-sensitive and gendertransformative approaches to planning, implementation, and monitoring. As such, children shall be separated from armed forces and groups, handed over to child protection actors and supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities. DDR practitioners and relevant child protection actors shall work together to design and implement services and interventions that aim to prevent children’s recruitment and re-recruitment, that help children to recover and reintegrate into their communities, and that take into account differences in age and gender needs. DDR practitioners should promote agency of children, enabling their right to participate in decisionmaking and shape DDR processes in line with their concerns/needs.</p>
  <p>The specific needs of children formerly associated with armed forces and groups during reintegration are multisectoral, as boys and girls often require support in (re)accessing education, an alternative livelihood, medical and mental health services, including reproductive health services and sexual violence recovery services, as well as other services that promote life skills and help them establish a meaningful role in society. Child-sensitive approaches to reintegration support should be focused on long-term and sustainable opportunities for children formerly associated with armed forces and groups that are gender- and age-sensitive. For sustainability, and to avoid tension, stigmatization or envy when a child is returned, DDR practitioners should ensure that broader community development processes are also considered.</p>
  <p>DDR practitioners should also be aware that no child below the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) should be investigated, prosecuted, or deprived of their liberty for any offence, including security and terrorism-related offences, in line with the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Committee on the Rights of the Child encourages States to increase the MACR where possible, and not to lower it below 14 years of age, 2 commending States that set a higher MACR such as 15 or 16 years of age. Children, above the age of criminal responsibility, who are suspected of committing a serious crime, shall be handed over to civilian actors, and justice should be provided within juvenile justice frameworks. During all processes they shall be treated primarily as victims and as survivors of grave violations of their rights. Any investigation or determination of culpability shall be handled by trained civilian actors, including, where relevant, trained juvenile justice actors and made based on processes consistent with applicable international child rights standards, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and internationally recognized juvenile justice standards and principles, due process and fair trial standards, prioritizing the child’s recovery, reintegration, and best interests in all decisions. </p>


standardTitle: Youth and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.30
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.30-Youth-and-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>DDR processes are often conducted in contexts where the majority of combatants and fighters are youth, an age group defined by the United Nations (UN) as those between 15 and 24 years of age. If DDR processes cater only to younger children and mature adults, the specific needs and experiences of youth may be missed. DDR practitioners shall promote the participation, recovery and sustainable reintegration of youth, as failure to consider their needs and opinions can undermine their rights, their agency and, ultimately, peace processes.</p>
  <p><span>In countries affected by conflict, youth are a force for positive change, while at the same time, some young people may be vulnerable to being drawn into conflict. To provide a safe and inclusive space for youth, manage the expectations of youth in DDR processes and direct their energies positively, DDR practitioners shall support youth in developing the necessary knowledge and skills to thrive and promote an enabling environment where young people can more systematically have influence upon their own lives and societies. </span>The reintegration of youth is particularly complex due to a mix of underlying economic, social, political, and/or personal factors often driving the recruitment of youth into armed forces or groups. This may include social and political marginalization, protracted displacement, other forms of social exclusion, or grievances against the State. DDR practitioners shall therefore pay special attention to promoting significant participation and representation of youth in all DDR processes, so that reintegration support is sensitive to the rights, aspirations, and perspectives of youth. <span>Their reintegration may also be more complex, as they may have become associated with an armed forces or group during formative years of brain development and social conditioning.  </span>Whenever possible, reintegration planning for youth should be linked to national reconciliation strategies, socio­economic reconstruction plans, and youth development policies.</p>
  <p>The specific needs of youth transitioning to civilian life are diverse, as youth often require gender responsive services to address social, acute and/or chronic medical and psychosocial support needs resulting from the conflict. Youth may face greater levels of societal pressure and responsibility, and as such, be expected to work, support family, and take on leadership roles in their communities. Recognizing this, as well as the need for youth to have the ability to resolve conflict in non-violent ways, DDR practitioners shall invest in and mainstream life skills development across all components of reintegration programming.</p>
  <p>As youth may have missed out on education or may have limited employable skills to enable them to provide for their families and contribute to their communities, complementary programming is required to promote educational and employment opportunities that are sensitive to their needs and challenges. This may include support to access formal education, accelerated learning curricula, or market-driven vocational training coupled with apprenticeships or ‘on-the-job’ (OTJ) training to develop employable skills. Youth should also be supported with employment services ranging from employment counselling, career guidance and information on the labour market to help youth identify opportunities for learning and work and navigate the complex barriers they may face when entering the labour market. Given the severe competition often seen in post-conflict labour markets, DDR processes should support opportunities for youth entrepreneurship, business training, and access to microfinance to equip youth with practical skills and capital to start and manage small businesses or cooperatives and should consider the long-term impact of educational deprivation on their employment opportunities.</p>
  <p>It is critical that youth have a structured platform to have their voices heard by decision-makers, often comprised of the elder generation. Where possible DDR practitioners should look for opportunities to include the perspective of youth in local and national peace processes. DDR practitioners should ensure that youth play a central role in the planning, design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of Community Violence Reduction (CVR) programmes and transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management (WAM) measures.</p>


standardTitle: Cross-border Population Movements
stamdardNumber: 5.40
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.40-Cross-border-Population-Movements.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>This module offers advice to policy makers and operational staff of agencies dealing with combatants and associated civilians moving across international borders on how to work closely together to establish regional strategies for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes.</p>
  <p>Armed conflicts are increasingly characterized by ‘mixed population movements’ of combatants and civilians moving across international borders, as well as lines of conflict spilling over and across State boundaries. Because many previous DDR programmes lacked a regional dimension that took this reality into account, the ‘recycling’ of combatants from conflict to conflict within a region and even beyond has become an increasing problem. However, combatants are not the only people who are highly mobile in times of complex emergency. Given that the majority of people fleeing across borders are civilians seeking asylum, it remains vital for the civilian and humanitarian character of asylum to be preserved by host States, with the support of the international community. Combatants must therefore be separated from civilians in order to maintain States’ internal and external security and to safeguard asylum for refugees, as well as to find appropriate long-lasting ways of assisting the various population groups concerned, in accordance with international law standards.</p>


standardTitle: Food Assistance in DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.50
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.50-Food-Assistance-in-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Acute food insecurity can be a trigger or root cause of armed conflict. Furthermore, armed conflict itself is a major driver of food insecurity. In countries and regions affected by armed conflict, humanitarian food assistance agencies are often already engaged in large-scale life-saving and livelihood support programmes to assist vulnerable and conflict-affected civilian communities, including displaced populations. These same agencies may be asked by a national Government, a peace operation or UN Resident Coordinator (UN RC) to provide food assistance in support of a disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) process.</p>
  <p>Food assistance provided by humanitarian food assistance agencies as part of a DDR process shall adhere to humanitarian principles and the best practices of humanitarian food assistance. Humanitarian agencies shall not provide food assistance to armed personnel at any point in a DDR process and all reasonable precautions and measures shall be taken to ensure that food assistance is not taken or used by combatants or warring factions. When food is provided to armed forces and groups prior to their demobilization, Governments or peacekeeping actors and their cooperating partners, and not humanitarian agencies, shall be responsible for all aspects of the process – from the acquisition of food to its distribution.</p>
  <p>As outlined in IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR, DDR processes can include various combinations of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support. The objectives and means through which food assistance is provided will differ depending on the type of DDR process being supported. For example, during DDR programmes food assistance can be provided at disarmament and/or cantonment sites and as part of a transitional safety net in support of reinsertion and reintegration. Food assistance can also be provided as part of reintegration support either during a DDR programme or when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). In addition, food assistance can be part of pre-DDR and CVR (see IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction).</p>
  <p>Food assistance that is provided in support of a DDR process shall be based on a careful analysis of the food security situation. This shall include an analysis of any potential gender, age or disability barriers to receiving food assistance. The capacities and coping mechanisms of individuals, households and communities shall also be analysed to ensure the appropriateness and effectiveness of the assistance. Food assistance as part of a DDR process shall also be informed by a context/conflict analysis and an analysis of the protection risks that could potentially be created by this assistance. For example, it is important to analyse whether food assistance may inadvertently create or exacerbate household or community tensions.</p>
  <p>Available and flexible resources are necessary in order to respond to the changes and unexpected problems that may arise during DDR processes. A food assistance component of a DDR process should not be implemented unless adequate resources and capacity are in place, including human, financial and logistics resources. If resources are not adequate, a risk analysis must inform decision-making and implementation. Maintaining a well-resourced food assistance pipeline, regardless of the selected transfer modality (in-kind support or cash-based transfers) is essential.</p></p>


standardTitle: HIV/AIDS and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.60
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.60-HIV-AIDS-and-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The United Nations (UN) Security Council and General Assembly have noted that a number of converging factors make conflict and post-conflict settings high risk environments for the spread of HIV, and that there is an elevated risk of infection among uniformed services and ex-combatants. This module outlines the strategies to address HIV/AIDS during disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes, in the interests of the individuals concerned, the sustainability of reintegration efforts and general post-conflict recovery.</p>
  <p>National beneficiaries should provide the lead for HIV/AIDS initiatives, and interventions should be as inclusive as possible, while acknowledging the limitations of DDR HIV/ AIDS programmes. A risk-mapping exercise should include the collection of baseline data on knowledge, attitudes and vulnerability, HIV/AIDS prevalence, and identify existing capacity.</p>
  <p>The basic requirements for HIV/AIDS programmes in DDR are:</p>
  <ul>
  <li>identification and training of HIV focal points within DDR field offices;</li>
  <li>the development of HIV/AIDS awareness material and provision of basic awareness training for target groups, with peer education programmes during the reinsertion and reintegration phases to build capacity. Awareness training can start before demobi­lization, depending on the nature of soldiers’/ex-combatants’ deployment and organi­zational structure;</li>
  <li>the provision of voluntary confidential counselling and testing (VCT) during demobilization and reintegration. An HIV test, with counselling, should be routinely offered (opt-in) as a standard part of medical screening in countries with an HIV prevalence of 5 percent or more. VCT should be provided in all settings throughout the DDR process, building on local services. Undergoing an HIV test, however, should not be a condition for participation in the DDR process, although planners should be aware of any national legislation that may exclude HIV-positive personnel from newly formed military or civil defence forces;</li>
  <li>screening and treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which should be a standard part of health checks for participants;</li>
  <li>the provision of condoms and availability of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) kits during demobilization, reinsertion and reintegration;</li>
  <li>treatment for opportunistic infections and, where feasible, referral for anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment within the national health care system;</li>
  <li>the implementation of HIV/AIDS public information and awareness campaigns to sensitize ‘receiving’ communities, to raise general awareness and to reduce possible stigma and discrimination against returning combatants, including women associated with armed forces and groups, which could undermine reintegration efforts. Planning in communities needs to start in advance of demobilization.</li>
  </ul>
  <p>In instances where the time allotted for a specific phase is very limited or has been reduced, as when there is a shortened cantonment period, it must be understood that the HIV/ AIDS requirements envisaged are not dropped, but will be included in the next DDR phase.</p>


standardTitle: Health and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.70
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.70-Health-and-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>This module is intended to assist operators and managers from other sectors who are involved in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR), as well as health practitioners, to understand how health partners, like the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN) Population Fund (UNFPA), Joint UN Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS), International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and so on, can make their best contribution to the short- and long-term goals of DDR. It provides a framework to support cooperative decision-making for health action rather than technical advice on health care needs. Its intended audiences are generalists who need to be aware of each component of a DDR process, including health actions; and health practitioners who, when called upon to support the DDR process, might need some basic guidance and reference on the subject to help contextualize their technical expertise. Because of its close interconnections with these areas, the module should be read in conjunction with IDDRS 5.60 on HIV/AIDS and DDR and IDDRS 5.50 on Food Aid Programmes in DDR.</p>


standardTitle: Disabilities and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.80
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.80-Disability-Inclusive-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Disability-inclusive DDR requires specific planning and interventions to eliminate barriers to participation and to address the specific needs of persons with disabilities. Disability-inclusive DDR processes shall be led by national and local authorities, in line with national and local policies and strategies and build on existing systems and structures. A DDR process and all forms of support provided for that process shall adhere to humanitarian principles, including non-discrimination on the basis of disability and the best practices of disability-inclusion in humanitarian action. Consistent with the principles of disability-inclusive humanitarian action, the inclusion of persons with disabilities in DDR shall include mainstreaming and targeted interventions.</p>
  <p>Armed conflict relates to disability in two respects. First, it is a cause of disability and, second, it is a complicating factor for persons living with disability who face specific support and protection needs during conflict and its aftermath. Impairments giving rise to disability occur in direct and indirect ways in the context of conflict. Direct impairments arise as a consequence of the immediate physical and psychosocial consequences of violent conflict, such as being hit by a bullet, stepping on a land mine or being raped. Impairment arises also indirectly from conflict, including psychological trauma from witnessing violence, for example, or a lack of basic needs (shelter, adequate clothing, sanitation, water, food, healthcare, etc.) and exposure to the elements. This context shall be borne in mind in the design and implementation of DDR processes.</p>
  <p>Conflict can also serve to amplify existing barriers for persons with disabilities, making it even more challenging to access the benefits of a DDR process. For example, destruction of infrastructure such as roads and the breakdown of social safety nets can result in the exclusion of persons with disabilities. Furthermore, conflict often brings a weakening of community-based organizations and organizations of persons with disabilities (OPDs) may be particularly affected owing to their frequently marginalized status in society.</p>
  <p>The intersectionality of disability and gender can also heighten risk. Women and girls with disabilities face a double stigma, they often experience abuse, social exclusion, and are financially and physically vulnerable. Additionally, women and girls are often caregivers and may take on additional caregiving roles for returning DDR participants with disabilities. Disability-inclusive DDR shall be based on a careful situational analysis of the context. This shall include an analysis of any potential disability as well as age or gender-related barriers to participation in DDR. The capacities and coping mechanisms of individuals, households and communities shall also be analysed to ensure the appropriateness and effectiveness of disability-inclusive assistance. Protection risks that could potentially be created by this assistance shall also be assessed. For example, it is important to analyse whether DDR support to former members of armed forces and groups with disabilities may inadvertently create or exacerbate household or community tensions.</p>


standardTitle: DDR and SSR
stamdardNumber: 6.10
standardPath: 6/IDDRS-6.10-DDR-and-SSR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The purpose of this module is to provide policy makers, operational planners and officers at field level with background information and guidance on related but distinct sets of activities associated with disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR). The intention is not to set out a blueprint but to build from common principles in order to provide insights that will support the development of synergies as well as preventing harmful contradictions in the design, implementation and sequencing of different elements of DDR and SSR programmes.</p>


standardTitle: DDR and Transitional Justice
stamdardNumber: 6.20
standardPath: 6/IDDRS-6.20-DDR-and-Transitional-Justice.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>This module on DDR and transitional justice aims to contribute to accountable DDR programmes that are based on more systematic and improved coordination between DDR and transitional justice processes, so as to best support the successful transition from conflict to sustainable peace. It is intended to provide a legal framework, guiding principles and options for policymakers and programme planners who are contributing to strategies that aim to minimize tensions and build on opportunities between transitional justice and DDR.</p>
  <p>Coordination between transitional justice and DDR programmes begins with an understanding of how transitional justice and DDR may interact positively in the short-term in ways that, at a minimum, do not hinder their respective objectives of accountability and stability. Coordination between transitional justice and DDR practitioners should, however, aim beyond that. Efforts should be undertaken to constructively connect these two processes in ways that contribute to a stable, just and long-term peace.</p>


standardTitle: DDR and Natural Resource Management
stamdardNumber: 6.30
standardPath: 6/IDDRS-6.30-DDR-and-Natural-Resources.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The relationship between natural resources and armed conflict is well known and documented, evidenced by numerous examples from all over the world. Natural resources may be implicated all along the peace continuum, from contributing to grievances, to financing armed groups, to supporting livelihoods and recovery via the sound management of natural resources. Furthermore, the economies of countries suffering from armed conflict are often marked by unsustainable or illicit trade in natural resources, thereby tying conflict areas to the rest of the world through global supply chains. For DDR processes to be effective, practitioners should consider both the risks and opportunities that natural resource management may pose to their efforts.</p>
  <p>As part of the war economy, natural resources may be exploited and traded directly by, or through local communities under the auspices of, armed groups, organized criminal groups or members of the security sector, and eventually be placed on national and international markets through trade with multinational companies. This not only reinforces the actors directly implicated in the conflict, but it also undermines the good governance of natural resources needed to support development and sustainable peace. Once conflict is underway, natural resources may be exploited to finance the acquisition of weapons and ammunition and to reinforce the war economy, linking armed groups and even the security sector to international markets and organized criminal groups.</p>
  <p>These dynamics are challenging to address through DDR processes, but are necessary to contend with if sustainable peace is to be achieved. When DDR processes promote good governance practices, transparent policies and community engagement around natural resource management, they can also simultaneously address conflict drivers and the impacts of armed conflict on the environment and host communities. Issues of land rights, equal access to natural resources for livelihoods, equitable distribution of their benefits, and sociocultural disparities may all underpin the drivers of conflict that motivate individuals and groups to take up arms. It is critical that DDR practitioners take these linkages into account to avoid exacerbating existing grievances or creating new conflicts, as well as to effectively use natural resource management to contribute to sustainable peace.</p>
  <p>This module aims to contribute to DDR processes that are grounded in a clear understanding of how natural resource management can contribute to sustainable peace and reduce the likelihood of a resurgence of conflict. It considers how DDR practitioners can integrate youth, women, persons with disabilities and other key specific needs groups when addressing natural resource management in reintegration. It also includes guidance on relevant natural resource management related issues like public health, disaster-risk reduction, resiliency and climate change. With enhanced interagency cooperation, coordination and dialogue among relevant stakeholders working in DDR, natural resource management and governance sectors &#8211; especially national actors &#8211; these linkages can be addressed in a more conscious and deliberate manner for sustainable peace.</p>
  <p>Lastly, this module recognizes that the degree to which natural resources are incorporated into DDR processes will vary based on the political economy of a given context, size, resource availability, partners and capacity. While some contexts may have different agencies or stakeholders with expertise in natural resource management to inform context analyses, assessment processes and subsequent programme design and implementation, DDR processes may also need to rely primarily on external experts and partners. However, limited natural resource management capacities within a DDR process should not discourage practitioners from capitalizing on the opportunities or guidance available, or to seek collaboration and possible programme synergies with other partners that can offer natural resource management expertise. For example, in settings where the UN has no mission presence, such capacity and expertise may also be found within the UN country team, civil society, and/or academia.</p>


standardTitle: DDR and Organized Crime
stamdardNumber: 6.40
standardPath: 6/IDDRS-6.40-DDR-and-Organized-Crime.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Organized crime and conflict converge in several ways, notably in terms of the actors and motives involved, modes of operating and economic opportunities. Conflict settings – marked by weakened social, economic and security institutions; the delegitimization or absence of State authority; shortages of goods and services for local populations; and emerging war economies –provide opportunities for criminal actors to fill these voids. They also offer an opening for illicit activities, including human, drugs and weapons trafficking, to flourish. At the same time, the profits from criminal activities provide conflict parties and individual combatants with economic and often social and political incentives to carry on fighting. For DDR processes to succeed, DDR practitioners should consider these factors.</p>
  <p>Dealing with the involvement of ex-combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups in organized crime not only requires the promotion of alternative livelihoods and reconciliation, but also the strengthening of national and local capacities. When DDR processes promote good governance practices, transparent policies and community engagement to find alternatives to illicit economies, they can simultaneously address conflict drivers and the impacts of conflict on organized crime, while supporting sustainable economic and social opportunities. Building stronger State institutions and civil service systems can contribute to better governance and respect for the rule of law. Civil services can be strengthened not only through training, but also by improving the salaries and living conditions of those working in the system. It is through the concerted efforts and goodwill of these systems, among other players, that the sustainability of DDR efforts can be realized.</p>
  <p>This module highlights the need for DDR practitioners to translate the recognized linkages between organized crime, conflict and peacebuilding into the design and implementation of DDR processes. It aims to contribute to age- and gender-sensitive DDR processes that are based on a more systematic understanding of organized crime in conflict and post-conflict settings, so as to best support the successful transition from conflict to sustainable peace. Through enhanced cooperation, mapping and dialogue among relevant stakeholders, the linkages between DDR and organized crime interventions can be addressed in a manner that supports DDR in the context of wider recovery, peacebuilding and sustainable development. </p>


# App_searchresults

levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: Annex B: Critical questions for the field assessment
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Questions related to possibilities for coordination 
   Will the planned timetable for the DDR programme overlap with planned transitional justice measures? 
   Are there opportunities to coordinate information strategies around DDR and transi- tional justice measures? 
   Will ex-combatants be screened on human rights criteria as part of the DDR programme? Can the DDR programme integrate human rights education and/or information ses- sions that specifically provide information on transitional justice? 
   Can the DDR programme provide incentives for ex-combatants to participate in pros- ecutions processes or truth-seeking initiatives? 
   Will there be any screening on human rights criteria of those ex-combatants interested in staying in or joining the security forces? 
   How can the DDR programme support or coordinate with other initiatives that address justice for women and justice for children? 
   Can any information gathered during the DDR programme be shared with a truth com- mission or prosecutions process? 
   How do the benefits offered to ex-combatants in the DDR programme compare to any reparations offered to victims of the armed conflict? 
   Can the benefits provided to ex-combatants be considered in light of reparations offered to victims? Is coordination between these two mechanisms possible? 
   Are there opportunities to connect the reintegration programme with locally based justice and reconciliation initiatives? For example, can any benefits provided to the community include support for locally based justice and reconciliation initiatives? 
   Can the reintegration programme include a component that involves ex-combatants in efforts to rebuild communities that have been physically destroyed as a result of the armed conflict? 
   Does the monitoring and assessment of the DDR programme include assessment of the impact of the programme on human rights, justice, and rule of law?

sentence:
   Does the monitoring and assessment of the DDR programme include assessment of the impact of the programme on human rights, justice, and rule of law?


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Youth and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.30 Youth and DDR
heading1: 5. Planning for youth-focused DDR processes
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: For more information on DDR-related assessments, see IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Assessments shall include data disaggregated by age and gender. For example, prior to a CVR programme, baseline assessments of local violence dynamics should explicitly unpack the threats and risks to the security of male and female youth (see section 6.3 in IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction). If the DDR process involves reintegration support, assessments of local market conditions should take into account the skills that youth acquired before and during their engagement in armed forces or groups (see section 7.5.5 in IDDRS 4.30 on Reintegration). Weapons surveys for disarmament and/or T-WAM activities should also include youth and youth organizations as sources of information, analyse the patterns of weapons possession among youth, map risk and protective factors in relation to youth, and identify youth-specific entry points for programming (see IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament, IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management and MOSAIC 6.20 on Children, Adolescents, Youth and Small Arms and Light Weapons). It is also important for intergenerational issues to be included in the conflict/context assessments that are undertaken prior to a youth-focused DDR process. This will elucidate whether it is necessary to include reconciliation measures to reduce inter-generational conflict in the DDR process. Gender analysis including age specific considerations should also be conducted. For more information on DDR-related assessments, see IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: DDR Programme Design
color: #00A554
module: 3.20 DDR Programme Design
heading1: 5. Stage I: Conducting a detailed field assessment
heading2: 5.2. Planning for an assessment
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  The following should be considered when planning a detailed field assessment for DDR: 
   Scope: From the start of DDR, practitioners should determine the geographical area that will be covered by the programme, how long the programme will last, and the level of detail and accuracy needed for its smooth running and financing. The scope and depth of this detailed field assessment will depend on the amount of information gathered in previous assessments, such as the technical assessment mission. The current political and military situation in the country concerned and the amount of access possible to areas where combatants are located should also be carefully considered; 
   Thematic areas of focus: The detailed field assessment should deepen understanding, analysis and assessments conducted in the pre­mission period. It therefore builds on information gathered on the following thematic areas: 

   political, social and economic context and background; 

   causes, dynamics and consequences of the armed conflict; 

   identification of specific groups, potential partners and others involved in the discussion process; 

   distribution, availability and proliferation of weapons (primarily small arms and light weapons); 

   institutional capacities of national stakeholders in areas related to DDR; 

   survey of socio­economic conditions and local capacities to absorb ex­combatants and their dependants; 

   preconditions and other factors that will influence DDR; 

   baseline data and performance indicators for programme design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. 

   (Also see Annex B of IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures.); 
   Expertise: The next step is to identify the DDR expertise required. Assessment teams should be composed of specialists in all aspects of DDR (see IDDRS Level 5 for more information on the different needs that have to be met during a DDR mission). To ensure coherence with the political process and overall objectives of the peacekeeping mandate, the assessment should be led by a member of the UN DDR unit; 
   Local participation: Where the political situation allows, national and local participation in the assessment should be emphasized to ensure that local analyses of the situation, the needs and appropriate solutions are reflected and included in the DDR pro­ gramme. There is a need, however, to be aware of local bias, especially in the tense immediate post­conflict environment; 
   Building confidence and managing expectations: Where possible, detailed field assessments should be linked with preparatory assistance projects and initiatives (e.g., community development programmes and quick­impact projects) to build confidence in and support for the DDR programme. Care must be taken, however, not to raise unrealistic expec­ tations of the DDR programme; 
   Design of the field assessment: Before starting the assessment, DDR practitioners should: 

   identify the research objectives and indicators (what are we assessing?); 

   identify the sources and methods for data collection (where are we going to obtain our information?); 

   develop appropriate analytical tools and techniques (how are we going to make sense of our data?); 

   develop a method for interpreting the findings in a practical way (how are we going to apply the results?); 
   Being flexible: Thinking about and answering these questions are essential to developing a well­designed approach and work plan that allows for a systematic and well­structured data collection process. Naturally, the approach will change once data collection begins in the field, but this should not in any way reduce its importance as an initial guiding blueprint.

sentence:
  The scope and depth of this detailed field assessment will depend on the amount of information gathered in previous assessments, such as the technical assessment mission.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
color: #008DCA
module: 2.40 Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
heading1: 3. Guiding principles
heading2: 3.11 Well planned
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Planning shall be based on existing assessments that include conflict and development analyses, gender analyses, early recovery and/or post-conflict needs assessments, and reintegration-specific assessments. Those involved in the design and negotiation of reintegration support with Government and other relevant stakeholders shall ensure that a results-based monitoring and evaluation framework is developed during the planning phase and that sufficient resources and expertise are allocated for this task at the outset.

sentence:
  Planning shall be based on existing assessments that include conflict and development analyses, gender analyses, early recovery and/or post-conflict needs assessments, and reintegration-specific assessments.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.6. Well-planned
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Effective and sustainable reintegration depends on early planning that is based on: a comprehensive understanding of the local context, a clear and unambiguous agreement among all stakeholders about objectives and results of the programme, the establishment of realistic timeframes, clear budgeting requirements and human resource needs, and a clearly defined programme exit strategy. Planning shall be based on existing assessments which include conflict and security analyses, gender analyses, early recovery and/or post-conflict needs assessments, in addition to reintegration-specific assessments. Reinte- gration practitioners shall furthermore ensure a results-based monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework is developed during the planning phase and that sufficient resources and expertise are allocated for this task at the outset.

sentence:
  Planning shall be based on existing assessments which include conflict and security analyses, gender analyses, early recovery and/or post-conflict needs assessments, in addition to reintegration-specific assessments.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: 7. Analysis and assessments relevant fOr reintegration planning and programme design
heading2: 7.5. Ex-combatant-focused reintegration assessments
heading3: 7.5.3. Identification and assessment of areas of return and resettlement
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: should be sought during these assessments.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Local and traditional knowledge related to ownership of land, resource use, man- agement of natural resources (including agricultural practices in cultivation, animal husbandry, fishing rights and access, etc.) should be sought during these assessments. See Module 6.30 for more information on natural resource management and DDR.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: DDR Programme Design
color: #00A554
module: 3.20 DDR Programme Design
heading1: 5. Stage I: Conducting a detailed field assessment
heading2: 5.1. Objectives
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  A detailed field assessment builds on assessments and planning for DDR that have been carried out in the pre­planning and technical assessment stages of the planning process (also see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures). Contributing to the design of the DDR programme, the detailed field assessment: 
   deepens understanding of key DDR issues and the broader operating environment; 
   verifies information gathered during the technical assessment mission; 
   verifies the assumptions on which planning will be based, and defines the overall approach of DDR; 
   identifies key priority objectives, issues of concern, and target and performance indicators; 
   identifies operational DDR options and interventions that are precisely targeted, realistic and sustainable.

sentence:
  A detailed field assessment builds on assessments and planning for DDR that have been carried out in the pre­planning and technical assessment stages of the planning process (also see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures).


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Security Sector Reform
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform
heading1: 9. Programming factors and entry points
heading2: 9.1. SSR-sensitive assessments
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  While DDR specialists should be included in integrated assessments that situate DDR within broader UN and national planning (see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated DDR Planning) this should also be a regular practice for SSR. Promoting joint assessments through includ- ing representatives of other relevant bilateral/multilateral actors should also be encouraged to enhance coherence and reduce duplication. In designing DDR assessments, SSR con- siderations should be reflected in ToRs, the composition of assessment teams and in the knowledge gathered during assessment missions (see Box 5).

sentence:
  In designing DDR assessments, SSR con- siderations should be reflected in ToRs, the composition of assessment teams and in the knowledge gathered during assessment missions (see Box 5).


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Food Assistance in DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.50 Food Assistance in DDR
heading1: 5. Planning for food assistance in DDR processes
heading2: 5.1 Food assistance planning data
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  The tools available for assessment and analysis include: 
   Crop and food security assessment mission; 
   Emergency food security assessments; 
   Mobile vulnerability analysis and mapping remote surveys; 
   Essential needs assessments; 
   Integrated food security phase classification exercises including acute malnutrition; 
   Food security monitoring systems; 
   Transfer modality selection guidance; 
   Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transition (SMART) nutrition surveys or joint food security and nutrition assessments; 
   Other types of rapid assessments to identify vulnerable communities and to better understand local food management practices. Rapid assessments use a variety of quick and inexpensive survey techniques. They tend to be qualitative rather than quantitative, and they depend more on the ability and judgement of the person carrying out the survey than do other research methods that are more rigorous, but also slower and costlier.

sentence:
  The tools available for assessment and analysis include: 
   Crop and food security assessment mission; 
   Emergency food security assessments; 
   Mobile vulnerability analysis and mapping remote surveys; 
   Essential needs assessments; 
   Integrated food security phase classification exercises including acute malnutrition; 
   Food security monitoring systems; 
   Transfer modality selection guidance; 
   Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transition (SMART) nutrition surveys or joint food security and nutrition assessments; 
   Other types of rapid assessments to identify vulnerable communities and to better understand local food management practices.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: 7. Analysis and assessments relevant fOr reintegration planning and programme design
heading2: 7.2. Mainstreaming gender into analyses and assessments
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  The planning and design of reintegration programmes should be based on the collection of sex and age disaggregated data in order to analyze and identify the specific needs of both male and female programme participants. Sex and age disaggregated data should be captured in all types of pre-programme and programme assessments, starting with the conflict and security analysis, moving into post-conflict needs assessments and in all DDR-specific assessments.

sentence:
  Sex and age disaggregated data should be captured in all types of pre-programme and programme assessments, starting with the conflict and security analysis, moving into post-conflict needs assessments and in all DDR-specific assessments.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Community Violence Reduction
color: #008DCA
module: 2.30 Community Violence Reduction
heading1: 6. CVR programming
heading2: 6.3 Assessments
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: An assessment of local market conditions.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  In both mission and non-mission contexts, CVR programmes shall be preceded by regularly updated assessments, including but not limited to: 
   A security and consequence assessment accounting for the costs and benefits of conducting selected activities (and the risks of not conducting them). 
   A comprehensive and gender-responsive baseline assessment of local violence dynamics. This assessment should take note of factors that may contribute to violence (e.g., harmful use of alcohol and drugs) as well as the impact that vio- lence can have on mental health and well-being (e.g., acute stress, grief, depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). It should also explicitly unpack the threats to security for men, women, boys and girls, and analyse the root causes of violence and insecurity, including their gender dimensions. 
   Conflict context analysis. 
   A detailed stakeholder mapping and a diagnostic of the capacities, interests and cohesiveness of communities and national institutions. 
   An assessment of local market conditions. 
   The dynamics of eligible and non-eligible armed groups – their leadership, internal dynamics, command and control, linkages with elites and external support.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 5. Developing an M&E strategy and framework for DDR
heading2: 5.1 Information collection
heading3: 5.1.1 Integrated assessment
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  A DDR integrated assessment should start as early as possible in the peace negotiation process and the pre-planning phase (see IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments). This assessment should contribute to determining whether disarmament or any transitional arms control initiatives are desirable or feasible in the current context, and the potential positive and negative impacts of any such activities.

sentence:
  A DDR integrated assessment should start as early as possible in the peace negotiation process and the pre-planning phase (see IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments).


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: Annex B: Determining a child’s age
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Is a range of approaches being used in the age assessment?
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  The checklist to determine the age includes: 

   Pre-procedure: 
   Undertake an age assessment only when relevant actors have serious doubts about the stated age of the child; ensure that the assessment is not being initiated as a routine or standard procedure. Is the procedure really necessary? 
   Plan any physical examination only as a measure of last resort to take place only when all other attempts e.g., the gathering of documentary evidence, interviewing the child, etc., have failed to establish age. Is a physical examination the only method of assessing age? 
   Secure informed consent to conduct the age assessment from the child or the guardian. It is extremely unlikely that genuine informed consent can be forthcoming at a time of ‘crisis’ and consent should only be sought when a child has had time to recover from traumatic or unsettling episodes – this may take considerable time in some instances. In circumstances where there is no consent, it cannot be used against the person and the person should be considered a child. Has the child given informed consent to a physical examination? 

   During the Procedure 
   Conduct any age assessment procedure using a multi-disciplinary approach that draws on a range of appropriately skilled professionals and not solely on a physical examination. Is a range of approaches being used in the age assessment? 
   When selecting professionals to conduct an age assessment, select only those without a vested interest in the outcome, and who are independent from any agencies and actors that would provide services or support to the child or who would become responsible for the child if they are assessed as being a child. Are the professionals engaged in the assessment independent? 
   Subject to the wishes of the child, support him or her throughout the process of assessment, including by informing the child in a language he or she understands, and providing a guardian, legal or other representative to accompany them during the entire process. Is the child supported throughout the process? 
   Develop and conduct the age assessment process in a culturally and gender sensitive way using practitioners who are fully familiar with the child’s cultural and ethnic background. Is the assessment sensitive to cultural and gender needs? 
   Protect the child’s bodily integrity and dignity at every stage of the process. Is the process free from humiliation, discrimination, or other affront? 
   Conduct the age assessment in an environment that is safe for children, which supports their needs and is child appropriate. Is the process consistent with child safeguarding principles and child-friendly? 

   Post procedure 
   Provide any services and support relevant to the outcome of the assessment without delay. What services and support are required to address the person’s identified needs? 
   If any doubt remains about the age of the child, ensure that this is applied to the advantage of the child. Has any doubt about the child’s age been resolved in favor of the child? 
   As promptly as is reasonably practical, explain the outcome and the consequences of the outcome to the child. Have the outcome and its consequences been explained? 
   Inform the child of the ways that he or she can challenge a decision which they disagree with. Has the child been informed of his or her rights to challenge the decision?


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 5. Developing an M&E strategy and framework for DDR
heading2: 5.1 Information collection
heading3: 5.1.1 Integrated assessment
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Integrated assessments should include information related to the political and security context and the main drivers of armed conflict. In addition, in order to design evidence-based, age-specific and gender-sensitive disarmament operations, the integrated assessment should include: 
   An analysis of the memberships of armed forces and groups (number, origin, age, sex, etc.) and their arsenals (estimates of the number and the type of weapons, ammunition and explosives); 
   An analysis of the patterns of weapons possession among men, women, girls, boys, and youth; 
   A mapping of the locations and access routes to materiel and potential caches (to the extent possible); 
   An understanding of the power imbalances and disparities in weapons possession between communities; 
   An analysis of the use of weapons in the commission of serious human rights violations or abuses and grave breaches of international humanitarian law, as well as crime, including organized crime; 
   An understanding of cultural and gendered attitudes towards weapons and the value of arms and ammunition locally; 
   The identification of sources of illicit weapons and ammunition and possible trafficking routes; 
   Lessons learnt from any past disarmament or weapons collections initiatives; 
   An understanding of the willingness of and incentives for armed forces and groups to participate in DDR. 
   An assessment of the presence of armed groups not involved in DDR and the possible impact these groups can have on the DDR process.

sentence:
   An assessment of the presence of armed groups not involved in DDR and the possible impact these groups can have on the DDR process.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: 6. DDR and natural resources: planning considerations
heading2: 6.1 Assessments and design
heading3: 6.1.1 Natural resources and conflict linkages
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  The abovementioned assessments can be completed through desk reviews (i.e., using reports from the national Government, UN agencies, NGOs, local civil society groups and media) as well as field assessments. An assessment mission can also help to collect the necessary background information for analysis. Assessment methodology shall be developed in consultation with gender experts and assessment teams shall include gender expertise. The role of natural resources in the political and security sectors affecting the planning of DDR processes should be duly considered. Where appropriate, conflict and security analysis should factor in considerations related to natural resources (see Box 1). In post-conflict contexts, assessments of the linkages between natural resources and armed conflict should also complement a post-conflict needs assessment that identifies the main social and physical needs of conflict-affected populations. For further information, see IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments.

sentence:
  Assessment methodology shall be developed in consultation with gender experts and assessment teams shall include gender expertise.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Food Assistance in DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.50 Food Assistance in DDR
heading1: 6. Food assistance as part of a DDR process
heading2: 6.3 Food assistance and DDR-related tools
heading3: 6.3.1 Community Violence Reduction
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Community violence reduction as part of a DDR process seeks to build social cohesion and provide ex-combatants and other at-risk individuals, particularly youth, with alternatives to (re-)joining armed groups. As outlined in IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction, one way to achieve this may be to involve various groups in the design, implementation and evaluation of an FFA or FFT programme. During these programmes, interaction and dialogue among these groups can build social cohesion and reduce the risk of violence. Food assistance as part of CVR shall be based on food assistance analysis (see section 5) in addition to the assessments that are regularly conducted as part of planning for CVR. These include, among others, a context/conflict analysis, a security and consequence assessment, and a comprehensive and gender-responsive baseline assessment of local violence dynamics (see section 6.3 in IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction and IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments).

sentence:
  These include, among others, a context/conflict analysis, a security and consequence assessment, and a comprehensive and gender-responsive baseline assessment of local violence dynamics (see section 6.3 in IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction and IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments).


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures
color: #00A554
module: 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures
heading1: 5. Situating DDR within UN and national planning in post-conflict contexts
heading2: 5.2. Phase II: Initial technical assessment and concept of operations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  This initial technical assessment should be used as a basis for a more in-depth assessment required for programme design (also see IDDRS 3.20 on DDR Programme Design). The results of this assessment should provide inputs to the Secretary-General’s report and any Security Council resolutions and mission mandates that follow (see Annex B for a reference guide on conducting a DDR assessment mission).

sentence:
  This initial technical assessment should be used as a basis for a more in-depth assessment required for programme design (also see IDDRS 3.20 on DDR Programme Design).


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Glossary: Terms and Definitions
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.20 Glossary: Terms and Definitions
heading1: Rapid assessment (RA)
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Assessment that uses a variety of survey techniques for quick and inexpensive assessment.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Assessment that uses a variety of survey techniques for quick and inexpensive assessment. Rapid assessments tend to be qualitative rather than quantitative, and they depend more on the ability and judgment of the person carrying out the survey than do other research methods that are more rigorous, but also slower and costlier.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 6. Planning and Designing DDR processes for children
heading2: 6.3 Data
heading3: 6.3.3 Gender responsive and transformative
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  A gender-transformative approach should also ensure that gender is a key feature of all DDR assessments and is incorporated into all elements of release and reintegration (see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated Assessments).

sentence:
  A gender-transformative approach should also ensure that gender is a key feature of all DDR assessments and is incorporated into all elements of release and reintegration (see IDDRS 3.10 on Integrated Assessments).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
color: #7366A3
module: 4.11 Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.1 Assessments and weapons survey
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Integrated assessments should start as early as possible in the peace negotiation process and in the pre-planning phase (see IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments). An integrated assessment should contribute to determining whether any disarmament or transitional WAM measures are desirable or feasible in the current context, and the po- tential positive and negative impacts of any such measures (see section 5.1.1 of IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament for guidance on integrated assessments).

sentence:
  Integrated assessments should start as early as possible in the peace negotiation process and in the pre-planning phase (see IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: Summary
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: A risk and security assessment, to identify threats to the DDR programme, should also be conducted.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Demobilization must be meticulously planned. Demobilization operations should be preceded by an in-depth assessment of the location, number and type of individuals who are expected to demobilize, as well as their immediate needs. A risk and security assessment, to identify threats to the DDR programme, should also be conducted. Under the leadership of national authorities, rigorous, unambiguous and transparent eligibility criteria should be established, and decisions should be made on the number, type (semi-permanent or temporary) and location of demobilization sites.


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Glossary: Terms and Definitions
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.20 Glossary: Terms and Definitions
heading1: SALW survey
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  A systematic and logical process to determine the nature and extent of SALW spread and impact within a region, nation or community in order to provide accurate data and information for a safe, effective and efficient intervention by an appropriate organisation. The following terms have been used in the past, though the preferred one is as indicated above: ‘national assessment’, ‘base-line assessment’ and ‘mapping’.

sentence:
  The following terms have been used in the past, though the preferred one is as indicated above: ‘national assessment’, ‘base-line assessment’ and ‘mapping’.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: 6. DDR and natural resources: planning considerations
heading2: 6.1 Assessments and design
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  During the pre-planning and preparatory assistance phase, DDR practitioners should clarify the role natural resources may have played in contributing to the causes of conflict, if any, and determine whether DDR is an appropriate response or whether there are other types of interventions that could be employed. In line with IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments, DDR practitioners should factor the linkage between natural resources and armed forces and groups, as well as organized criminal groups, into baseline assessments, programme design and exit strategies. This includes identifying the key natural resources involved in addition to key individuals, armed forces and groups, any known organized criminal groups and/or Governments who may have used (or continue to use) these particular resources to finance or sustain conflict or undermine peace. The analysis should also consider gender, disability and other intersectional considerations by examining the sex- and age- disaggregated impacts of natural resource conflicts or grievances on female ex-combatants and women associated with armed forces and groups.

sentence:
  In line with IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments, DDR practitioners should factor the linkage between natural resources and armed forces and groups, as well as organized criminal groups, into baseline assessments, programme design and exit strategies.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures
color: #00A554
module: 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures
heading1: 5. Situating DDR within UN and national planning in post-conflict contexts
heading2: 5.2. Phase II: Initial technical assessment and concept of operations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  During the pre-planning phase of the UN’s involvement in a post-conflict peacekeeping or peace-building context, the identification of an appropriate role for the UN in supporting DDR efforts should be based on timely assessments and analyses of the situation and its requirements. The early identification of potential entry points and strategic options for UN support is essential to ensuring the UN’s capacity to respond efficiently and effectively. Integrated preparatory activities and pre-mission planning are vital to the delivery of that capacity. While there is no section/unit at UN Headquarters with the specific role of coordinating integrated DDR planning at present, many of the following DDR pre-planning tasks can and should be coordinated by the lead planning department and key operational agencies of the UN country team. Activities that should be included in a preparatory assistance or pre- planning framework include: 
   the development of an initial set of strategic options for or assessments of DDR, and the potential role of the UN in supporting DDR; 
   the provision of DDR technical advice to special envoys, Special Representatives of the Secretary-General or country-level UN staff within the context of peace negotiations or UN mediation; 
   the secondment of DDR specialists or hiring of private DDR consultants (sometimes funded by interested Member States) to assist during the peace process and provide strategic and policy advice to the UN and relevant national parties at country level for planning purposes; 
   the assignment of a UN country team to carry out exploratory DDR assessments and surveys as early as possible. These surveys and assessments include: conflict assess- ment; combatant needs assessments; the identification of reintegration opportunities; and labour and goods markets assessments; 
   assessing the in-country DDR planning and delivery capacity to support any DDR programme that might be set up (both UN and national institutional capacities); 
   contacting key donors and other international stakeholders on DDR issues with the aim of defining priorities and methods for information sharing and collaboration; 
   the early identification of potential key DDR personnel for the integrated DDR unit.

sentence:
  These surveys and assessments include: conflict assess- ment; combatant needs assessments; the identification of reintegration opportunities; and labour and goods markets assessments; 
   assessing the in-country DDR planning and delivery capacity to support any DDR programme that might be set up (both UN and national institutional capacities); 
   contacting key donors and other international stakeholders on DDR issues with the aim of defining priorities and methods for information sharing and collaboration; 
   the early identification of potential key DDR personnel for the integrated DDR unit.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Women, Gender and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.10 Women, Gender and DDR
heading1: Annex D: Gender-responsive DDR programme management frameworks and indicators .
heading2: 1. Gender-responsive field/needs assessment
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  Field/Needs assessment for female ex-combatants, supporters and dependants should be carried out independently of general need assessment, because of the specific needs and concerns of women. Those assessing the needs of women should be aware of gender needs in conflict situations. The use of gender-analysis frameworks should be strongly encouraged to collect information and data on the following: 

   Social and cultural context 
   Gender roles and gender division of labour (both in public and private spheres) 
   Traditional practices that oppose the human rights of women 

   Political context 
   Political participation of women at the national and community levels 
   Access to education for girls 

   Economic context 
   Socio-economic status of women 
   Women’s access to and control over resources 

   Capacity and vulnerability 
   Capacities and vulnerabilities of women and girls 
   Existing local support networks for women and girls 
   Capacities of local women’s associations and NGOs 

   Security 
   Extent of women’s participation in the security sector (police, military, government) 
   Level of sexual and gender-based violence 

   Specific needs of female ex-combatants, supporters and dependants (economic, social, physical, psychological, cultural, political, etc.)

sentence:
  Field/Needs assessment for female ex-combatants, supporters and dependants should be carried out independently of general need assessment, because of the specific needs and concerns of women.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Community Violence Reduction
color: #008DCA
module: 2.30 Community Violence Reduction
heading1: 6. CVR programming
heading2: 6.8 Communication
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  DDR practitioners should design a robust communications and sensitization plan to reach prospective and actual beneficiaries. The plan should be informed by the baseline assessment (see section 6.3) and by an assessment of how people take up information and what outlets and means are considered most legitimate. These assessments should be adjusted as conditions change on the ground. Outreach can be facilitated by UN rep- resentatives, implementing partners, PSCs (or equivalent entities) and project benefi- ciaries themselves. Public information and sensitization campaigns shall explain CVR objectives, project selection criteria and the timelines involved. The goal is to strengthen the self-selection of prospective participants while also shaping the expectations of in- dividuals and communities. All communications, education and outreach campaigns and activities should be gender-responsive so as to reach women and girls and men and boys. Communications should also be gender-transformative and inclusive. This entails having a balance of voices and visual representations of men, women, boys, girls, minorities and other vulnerable groups, and their active involvement in leader- ship and implementation of outreach and education activities.

sentence:
  The plan should be informed by the baseline assessment (see section 6.3) and by an assessment of how people take up information and what outlets and means are considered most legitimate.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: 7. Analysis and assessments relevant fOr reintegration planning and programme design
heading2: 7.5. Ex-combatant-focused reintegration assessments
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Services mapping and institutional capacity assessment.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 68f255b6DDR assessments
paragraph:
  The most important types of ex-combatant focused assessments are: 
   1. Early profiling and pre-registration surveys; 
   2. Full profiling and registration of ex-combatants; 
   3. Identification and assessment of areas of return and resettlement; 
   4. Community perception surveys; 
   5. Reintegration opportunity mapping; and 
   6. Services mapping and institutional capacity assessment.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Security Sector Reform
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform
heading1: 9. Programming factors and entry points
heading2: 9.1. SSR-sensitive assessments
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 1618b39cDDR assessments
paragraph:
  Box 5 Designing SSR-sensitive assessments 
   Developing the terms of reference – Terms of reference (ToRs) for DDR assessments should include the need to consider potential synergies between DDR and SSR that can be identified and fed into planning processes. Draft ToRs should be shared between relevant DDR and SSR focal points to ensure that all relevant and cross-cutting issues are considered. The ToRs should also set out the composition of the assessment team. 
   Composing the assessment team – Assessment teams should be multi-sectoral and include experts or focal points from related fields that are linked to the DDR process. The inclusion of SSR expertise represents an important way of creating an informed view on the relationship between DDR and SSR. In providing inputs to more general assessments, broad expertise on the political and integrated nature of an SSR process may be more important than sector-specific knowledge. Where appropriate, experts from relevant bilateral/multilateral actors should also be included. Including host state nationals or experts from the region within assessment teams will improve contextual understanding and awareness of local sensitivities and demonstrate a commitment to national ownership. Inclusion of team members with appropriate local language skills is essential. 
   Information gathering – Knowledge should be captured on SSR-relevant issues in a given context. It is important to engage with representatives of local communities including non-state and community-based security providers. This will help clarify community perceptions of security provision and vulnerabilities and identify the potential for tensions when ex-combatants are reintegrated into communities, including how this may be tied to weapons availability.

sentence:
  Composing the assessment team – Assessment teams should be multi-sectoral and include experts or focal points from related fields that are linked to the DDR process.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Youth and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.30 Youth and DDR
heading1: 5. Planning for youth-focused DDR processes
heading2: 5.1 Gender responsive and transformative
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 1618b39cDDR assessments
paragraph:
  DDR processes for female ex-combatants, females formerly associated with armed forces or groups and female dependents shall be gender-responsive and gender-transformative. To ensure that DDR processes reflect the differing needs, capacities, and priorities of young women and girls, it is critical that gender analysis is a key feature of all DDR assessments and is incorporated into in all stages of DDR (see IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments and IDDRS 5.10 Women, Gender and DDR for more information).

sentence:
  To ensure that DDR processes reflect the differing needs, capacities, and priorities of young women and girls, it is critical that gender analysis is a key feature of all DDR assessments and is incorporated into in all stages of DDR (see IDDRS 3.11 on Integrated Assessments and IDDRS 5.10 Women, Gender and DDR for more information).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
color: #7366A3
module: 4.11 Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
heading1: Annex B: Normative documents
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  The following normative documents (i.e., documents containing applicable norms, standards and guidelines) contain provisions that apply to the processes dealt with in this module. 
   International Ammunition Technical Guidelines, https://www.un.org/disarmament/ un-saferguard/guide-lines. 
   International Standards Organization, ISO Guide 51: ‘Safety Aspects: Guidelines for Their Inclusion in Standards’. 
   Modular Small-arms-control Implementation Compendium, https://www.un.org/ disarmament/convarms/mosaic. 
   Small Arms Survey and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms (SEESAC), SALW Survey Protocols, http://www.seesac.org/ Survey-Protocols. 
   Weapons and Ammunition Management Policy, United Nations Department of Operational Support, Department of Peace Operations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, Department of Safety and Security, 2019. http://dag.un.org/ bitstream/handle/11176/400906/Weapons%20and%20Ammunition%20Policy.pdf. 
   UN Department of Political Affairs and UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Aide Memoire – Engaging with Non-State Armed Groups (NSAGs) for Political Purposes: Considerations for UN Mediators and Missions, 2017. 
   UN Development Programme, Blame It on the War? The Gender Dimensions of Violence in DDR, 2012. 
   UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations and UN Office for Disarmament Af- fairs. Effective Weapons and Ammunition Management in a Changing Disarma- ment, Demobilization and Reintegration Context. Handbook for United Nations DDR practitioners. 2018. Referred as ‘DDR WAM Handbook’ in this standard. 
   UN Institute for Disarmament Research, Utilizing the International Ammunition Tech- nical Guidelines in Conflict-Affected and Low-Capacity Environments, 2019, http:// www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/utilizing-the-international-ammunition-tech- nical-guidelines-in-conflict-affected-and-low-capacity-environments-en-749.pdf. 
   UN Institute for Disarmament Research, The Role of Weapon and Ammunition Management in Preventing Conflict and Supporting Security Transition, 2019, https://www.unidir.org/publication/role-weapon-and-ammunition-manage- ment-preventing-conflict-and-supporting-security.

sentence:
   International Ammunition Technical Guidelines, https://www.un.org/disarmament/ un-saferguard/guide-lines.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: Annex C: Relevant frameworks and standards for natural resources in conflict settings
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: The Guidelines are voluntary.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Land Tenure Guidelines 
   The purpose of these guidelines is to serve as a reference and provide guidance to improve the governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests with the overarching goal of achieving food security for all. The Guidelines have a particular focus on the linkages between tenure of land, fisheries and forests with poverty eradication, food security and sustainable livelihoods, with an emphasis on vulnerable and marginalized people. They mention specific actions that can be taken in order to improve tenure for land, fisheries and forests, especially for women, children, youth and indigenous peoples, as well as for the resolution of disputes, conflicts over tenure, and cooperation on transboundary matters. The Guidelines are voluntary.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
color: #7366A3
module: 4.11 Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
heading1: 1. Module scope and objectives
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  When collecting, registering, storing, transporting, and disposing of weapons, ammunition and explosives during transitional WAM the core guidelines outlined in IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament apply. As such, DDR-related transitional WAM should always adhere to United Nations standards and guidelines, namely the Modular small- arms-control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC) and International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).

sentence:
  As such, DDR-related transitional WAM should always adhere to United Nations standards and guidelines, namely the Modular small- arms-control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC) and International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: Summary
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  The handling of weapons, ammunition and explosives comes with significant risks. Therefore, the guidance provided within this module is based on the Modular Small-Arms Control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC)1 and the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).2 Additional documents containing norms, standards and guidelines relevant to this module can be found in Annex B.

sentence:
  Therefore, the guidance provided within this module is based on the Modular Small-Arms Control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC)1 and the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).2 Additional documents containing norms, standards and guidelines relevant to this module can be found in Annex B.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: Endnotes
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Guidelines for the Socio-economic Reintegration of Ex-combatants.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
   1 United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) Toolkit for Mainstreaming Employment and Decent Work, 2007. 
   2 Taken from the Prevention of child recruitment and reintegration of children associated with armed forces and groups: Strategic framework for addressing the economic gap, ILO (2007). 
   3 International Labour Organization. 2009. Guidelines for the Socio-economic Reintegration of Ex-combatants. Geneva, Switzerland, pp.23-29.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Community Violence Reduction
color: #008DCA
module: 2.30 Community Violence Reduction
heading1: 5. The role of CVR within a DDR process
heading2: 5.3 Relationship between CVR and weapons and ammunition management
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  DDR practitioners may, in consultation with relevant partners, propose conditions for the submission of weapons as part of a CVR programme. In some instances, modern and artisanal weapons and ammunition have been collected as part of CVR programmes and have later been destroyed in public ceremonies. Weapons and ammunition col- lected as part of CVR programmes should be destroyed, but if the authorities decide to integrate the material into their national stockpiles, this should be done in compliance with the State’s obligations under relevant international instruments and with technical guidelines.

sentence:
  Weapons and ammunition col- lected as part of CVR programmes should be destroyed, but if the authorities decide to integrate the material into their national stockpiles, this should be done in compliance with the State’s obligations under relevant international instruments and with technical guidelines.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: National Institutions for DDR
color: #00A554
module: 3.30 National Institutions for DDR
heading1: 6. Structures and functions of national institutions
heading2: 6.4. Planning and technical levels
heading3: 6.4.2. International technical coordination committee
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  An international technical coordination committee provides a forum for consultation, co- ordination and joint planning between national and international partners at the technical level of DDR programme development and implementation. This committee should meet regularly to review technical issues related to national DDR programme planning and implementation.

sentence:
  An international technical coordination committee provides a forum for consultation, co- ordination and joint planning between national and international partners at the technical level of DDR programme development and implementation.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 7. Stockpile management phase
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Ammunition and explosives shall be handled only by those with the necessary technical competencies.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  The term ‘stockpile management’ can be defined as procedures and activities designed to ensure the safe and secure accounting, storage, transportation and handling of arms, ammunition and explosives. The IATG and MOSAIC shall guide the design and implementation of this phase, and qualified WAM advisers should develop relevant SOP(s) (see section 5.6). The stockpile management and destruction of ammunition and explosives require a much more detailed technical response, as the risks and hazards are greater than for weapons, and stockpiles present a larger logistical challenge. Ammunition and explosives shall be handled only by those with the necessary technical competencies.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: Annex B: UN policies, guidelines and frameworks relevant for reintegration
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence:
  UN inter-agency policies, guidelines and frameworks
  i.

session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  UN inter-agency policies, guidelines and frameworks 
   i. Policy for Post-conflict Employment Creation, Income Generation and Reintegration (2008) 
   ii. Operational Guidance Note for Post-conflict Employment Creation, Income Generation and Reintegration (2009) 
   iii. CWGER Guidance Note on Early Recovery (2008)


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Glossary: Terms and Definitions
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.20 Glossary: Terms and Definitions
heading1: ‘Safe to move’
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  A technical assessment, by an appropriately qualified technician or technical officer, of the physical condition and stability of ammunition and explosives prior to any proposed move. Should the ammunition and explosives fail a ‘safe to move’ inspection, then they must be destroyed on site (i.e., at the place where it is found), or as close as is practically possible, by a qualified EOD team acting under the advice and control of the qualified technician or technical officer who conducted the initial ‘safe to move’ inspection.

sentence:
  A technical assessment, by an appropriately qualified technician or technical officer, of the physical condition and stability of ammunition and explosives prior to any proposed move.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Annex A contains a list of abbreviations used in these standards. A complete glossary of all the terms, definitions and abbreviations used in the IDDRS series is given in IDDRS 1.20. Definitions of technical terms related to weapons and ammunition are taken from MOSAIC and the IATG.

sentence:
  Definitions of technical terms related to weapons and ammunition are taken from MOSAIC and the IATG.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 6. Monitoring
heading2: 6.2 Procedures for disarmament
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Processing heavy weapons and their ammunition requires a high level of technical knowledge.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  BOX 6: PROCESSING HEAVY WEAPONS AND THEIR AMMUNITION 
   An increasing number of armed groups in areas of conflict across the world use light and heavy weapons, including heavy artillery or armoured fighting vehicles. Dealing with heavy weapons presents both logistical and political challenges. In certain settings, heavy weapons could be included in the eligibility criteria for a DDR programme, and the ratio of arms to combatants could be determined based on the number of crew required to operate each specific weapons system. However, while small arms and most light weapons are generally seen as an individual asset, heavy weapons are often considered a group asset, and thus may not be surrendered during disarmament operations that focus on individual combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. 
   To ensure comprehensive disarmament and avoid the exploitation of loopholes, peace negotiations and the national DDR programme should determine the procedures related to the arsenals of armed groups, including heavy weapons and/or caches of materiel. Processing heavy weapons and their ammunition requires a high level of technical knowledge. Heavy-weapons systems can be complex and require specialist expertise to ensure that systems are made safe, unloaded and all items of ammunition are safely separated from the platform. Conducting a thorough weapons survey and planning is vital to ensure the correct expertise is made available. The UN DDR component in mission settings or UN lead agency(ies) in non-mission settings should provide advice with regards to the collection, storage and disposal of heavy weapons, and support the development of any related SOPs. Procedures regarding heavy weapons should be clearly communicated to armed forces and groups prior to any disarmament operations to avoid unorganized and unscheduled movements of heavy weapons that might foment further tensions among the population. Destruction of heavy weapons requires significant logistics (see section 8); it is therefore critical to ensure the physical security of these weapons in order to reduce the risk of diversion.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.6 Safety and security
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Handling weapons, ammunition and explosives comes with high levels of risk. The involvement of technically qualified WAM advisers in the planning and implementation of disarmament operations is critical to their safety and success. Technical advisers shall have formal training and operational field experience in ammunition and weapons storage, marking, transportation, deactivation and the destruction of arms, ammunition and explosives, as relevant.

sentence:
  Technical advisers shall have formal training and operational field experience in ammunition and weapons storage, marking, transportation, deactivation and the destruction of arms, ammunition and explosives, as relevant.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  In the IDDRS series, the words ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘may’, ‘can’ and ‘must’ are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance with the standards laid down. This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines. 
   a)‘shall’ is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in order to conform to the standard; 
   b)‘should’ is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications; 
   c)‘may’ is used to indicate a possible method or course of action; 
   d)‘can’ is used to indicate a possibility and capability; 
   e)‘must’ is used to indicate an external constraint or obligation.

sentence:
  This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: The UN Approach to DDR
color: #008DCA
module: 2.10 The UN Approach to DDR
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  In the IDDRS series, the words ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘may’, ‘can’ and ‘must’ are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance with the standards laid down. This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines: a. ‘shall’ is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in order to conform to the standard; b. ‘should’ is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications; c. ‘may’ is used to indicate a possible method or course of action; d. ‘can’ is used to indicate a possibility and capability; e. ‘must’ is used to indicate an external constraint or obligation.

sentence:
  This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines: a.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: Monitoring and Evaluation of DDR Programmes
color: #00A554
module: 3.50 Monitoring and Evaluation of DDR Programmes
heading1: 1. Module scope and objectives
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: These guidelines cover the basic M&E procedures for integrated DDR programmes.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  These guidelines cover the basic M&E procedures for integrated DDR programmes. The purpose of these guidelines is to establish standards for managing the implementation of integrated DDR projects and to provide guidance on how to perform M&E in a way that will make project management more effective, lead to follow­up and make reporting more consistent.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
color: #7366A3
module: 4.11 Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  In the IDDRS series, the words ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘may’, ‘can’ and ‘must’ are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance with the standards laid down. This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines: 
   a. ‘shall’ is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in order to conform to the standard; 
   b. ‘should’ is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications; 
   c. ‘may’ is used to indicate a possible method or course of action; 
   d. ‘can’ is used to indicate a possibility and capability; 
   e. ‘must’ is used to indicate an external constraint or obligation.

sentence:
  This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines: 
   a.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and natural resources
heading2: 7.3 Reintegration
heading3: 7.3.2 Reintegration support and land rights
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  DDR practitioners shall follow international guidelines for land tenure in the assessment, design and implementation phase of reintegration programmes. Since land tenure issues are a long- term development challenge, it is essential that DDR practitioners work with other specialized agencies to address this and ensure that land tenure reform efforts continue after the reintegration programme has come to an end.

sentence:
  DDR practitioners shall follow international guidelines for land tenure in the assessment, design and implementation phase of reintegration programmes.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Safe to move: A technical assessment, by an appropriately qualified technician or technical officer, of the physical condition and stability of ammunition and explosives prior to any proposed move. Should the ammunition and explosives fail a ‘safe to move’ inspection, they must be destroyed in situ (i.e., at the place where they are found) by a qualified EOD team acting under the advice and control of the qualified technician or technical officer who conducted the initial ‘safe to move’ inspection.

sentence:
  Safe to move: A technical assessment, by an appropriately qualified technician or technical officer, of the physical condition and stability of ammunition and explosives prior to any proposed move.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: Annex C: Management guidelines for interim care centres
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Management guidelines for Interim Care Centres 

   The following management guidelines apply: 
   Child protection specialists, not military or other actors should manage the centres. 
   Children should only stay a limited amount of time in ICCs, and documentation and monitoring systems should be established to ensure that the length of stay is brief (weeks not months). 
   At the end of their stay, if family reunification is not feasible, provision should be made for children to be cared for in other ways (in foster families, extended family networks, etc.). Systems should be established to protect children from abuse, and a code of conduct should be drawn up and applied. An adequate number of male and female staff should be available to deal with the differing needs of boys and girls. 
   Staff should be trained in prevention of and response to gender-based violence and exploitation involving children, norms of confidentiality, child psychosocial development, tracing and reunification. 
   ICCs should only accommodate children under 18. Some flexibility can be considered, based on the best interests of the child, e.g., in relation to girl mothers with infants and children or on medical grounds, on a case-by-case basis. In addition, young children (under 14) should be separated from adolescents in order to avoid any risk of older children abusing younger ones. 
   Sanitation and accommodation facilities should separate girls from boys and be sensitive to the needs of infants and girl mothers. 
   ICCs should be located at a safe distance from conflict and recruitment areas; external access to the centre should be controlled. (For example, entry of adult combatants and fighters and the media can be disruptive, and can expose children to additional risks.) Security should be provided by peacekeepers or neutral forces.

sentence:
  Management guidelines for Interim Care Centres 

   The following management guidelines apply: 
   Child protection specialists, not military or other actors should manage the centres.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 8. Disposal phase
heading2: 8.1 Destruction of materiel
heading3: 8.1.2 Destruction of ammunition
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Ammunition destruction requires a strict planning phase by WAM/EOD advisers or engineers who should identify priorities, obtain authorization from the national authorities, select the most appropriate method (see Annex E) and location for destruction, and develop a risk assessment and security plan for the operation. The following types of ammunition should be destroyed as a priority: (a) ammunition that poses the greatest risk in terms of explosive safety, (b) ammunition that is attractive to criminals or armed groups, (c) ammunition that must be destroyed in order to comply with international obligations (for instance, anti-personnel mines for States that are party to the Mine Ban Treaty) and (d) small arms and machine gun ammunition less than 20 mm.

sentence:
  The following types of ammunition should be destroyed as a priority: (a) ammunition that poses the greatest risk in terms of explosive safety, (b) ammunition that is attractive to criminals or armed groups, (c) ammunition that must be destroyed in order to comply with international obligations (for instance, anti-personnel mines for States that are party to the Mine Ban Treaty) and (d) small arms and machine gun ammunition less than 20 mm.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 8. Disposal phase
heading2: 8.2 Transfers to national authorities
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  WAM advisers should explain to the national authorities the potential negative consequences of incorporating DDR weapons and ammunition into their stockpiles. These consequences not only include the symbolic connotations of using conflict weapons, but also the costs and operational challenges that come from the management of materiel that differs from standard equipment. The integration of ammunition into national stockpiles should be discouraged, as ammunition of unknown origin can be extremely hazardous. A technical inspection of weapons and ammunition should be jointly carried out by both UN and national experts before handover to the national authorities.

sentence:
  A technical inspection of weapons and ammunition should be jointly carried out by both UN and national experts before handover to the national authorities.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: The Politics of DDR
color: #008DCA
module: 2.20 The Politics of DDR
heading1: Summary
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is not only a technical undertaking.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is not only a technical undertaking. Many aspects of the DDR process will influence, and be influenced by, political dynamics. Understanding the political dynamics that influence DDR process- es requires knowledge of the historical and political context, the actors and stakehold- ers (armed and unarmed), and the conflict drivers, including local, national and re- gional aspects that may interact and feed into an armed conflict.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 5. Developing an M&E strategy and framework for DDR
heading2: 5.6 Standard operating procedures
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  A single disarmament SOP, or a set of SOPs each covering specific procedures related to disarmament activities, should be informed by the integrated assessment and the national DDR policy document, and comply with international guidelines and standards (IATG and MOSAIC), as well as with national laws and international obligations of the country where the programme is being implemented (see IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management).

sentence:
  A single disarmament SOP, or a set of SOPs each covering specific procedures related to disarmament activities, should be informed by the integrated assessment and the national DDR policy document, and comply with international guidelines and standards (IATG and MOSAIC), as well as with national laws and international obligations of the country where the programme is being implemented (see IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
color: #7366A3
module: 4.11 Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
heading1: Annex B: Normative documents
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  The following normative documents (i.e., documents containing applicable norms, standards and guidelines) contain provisions that apply to the processes dealt with in this module. 
   International Ammunition Technical Guidelines, https://www.un.org/disarmament/ un-saferguard/guide-lines. 
   International Standards Organization, ISO Guide 51: ‘Safety Aspects: Guidelines for Their Inclusion in Standards’. 
   Modular Small-arms-control Implementation Compendium, https://www.un.org/ disarmament/convarms/mosaic. 
   Small Arms Survey and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms (SEESAC), SALW Survey Protocols, http://www.seesac.org/ Survey-Protocols. 
   Weapons and Ammunition Management Policy, United Nations Department of Operational Support, Department of Peace Operations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, Department of Safety and Security, 2019. http://dag.un.org/ bitstream/handle/11176/400906/Weapons%20and%20Ammunition%20Policy.pdf. 
   UN Department of Political Affairs and UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Aide Memoire – Engaging with Non-State Armed Groups (NSAGs) for Political Purposes: Considerations for UN Mediators and Missions, 2017. 
   UN Development Programme, Blame It on the War? The Gender Dimensions of Violence in DDR, 2012. 
   UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations and UN Office for Disarmament Af- fairs. Effective Weapons and Ammunition Management in a Changing Disarma- ment, Demobilization and Reintegration Context. Handbook for United Nations DDR practitioners. 2018. Referred as ‘DDR WAM Handbook’ in this standard. 
   UN Institute for Disarmament Research, Utilizing the International Ammunition Tech- nical Guidelines in Conflict-Affected and Low-Capacity Environments, 2019, http:// www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/utilizing-the-international-ammunition-tech- nical-guidelines-in-conflict-affected-and-low-capacity-environments-en-749.pdf. 
   UN Institute for Disarmament Research, The Role of Weapon and Ammunition Management in Preventing Conflict and Supporting Security Transition, 2019, https://www.unidir.org/publication/role-weapon-and-ammunition-manage- ment-preventing-conflict-and-supporting-security.

sentence:
   International Standards Organization, ISO Guide 51: ‘Safety Aspects: Guidelines for Their Inclusion in Standards’.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 8. Disposal phase
heading2: 8.1 Destruction of materiel
heading3: 8.1.2 Destruction of ammunition
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  The safe destruction of recovered ammunition and explosives presents a variety of technical challenges, and the demolition of a large number of explosive items requires a significant degree of training. Risks inherent in destruction are significant if the procedure does not comply with strict technical guidelines (see IATG 10.10), including casualties and contamination. During the disarmament phase of a DDR programme, ammunition may need to be destroyed either at the collection point (PUP, disarmament site) because it is unsafe, or after being transferred to a secure DDR storage facility.

sentence:
  Risks inherent in destruction are significant if the procedure does not comply with strict technical guidelines (see IATG 10.10), including casualties and contamination.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 7. Evaluations
heading2: 7.3 Storage
heading3: 7.3.1 Storing weapons
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  The storage of weapons is less technical than that of ammunition and explosives, with the primary risks being loss and theft due to poor management. Although options for security measures are often quite limited in the field, in order to prevent or delay theft, containers should be equipped with fixed racks on which weapons can be secured with chains or steel cables affixed with padlocks. Some light weapons that contain explosive components, such as man-portable air- defence systems, will present explosive hazards and should be stored with other explosive materiel, in line with guidance on Compatibility Groups as defined by IATG 01.50 on UN Explosive Hazard Classification Systems and Codes.

sentence:
  The storage of weapons is less technical than that of ammunition and explosives, with the primary risks being loss and theft due to poor management.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 5. Developing an M&E strategy and framework for DDR
heading2: 5.3 Risk and security assessment
heading3: 5.3.2 Technical risks and hazards
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7c576c84the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  In terms of disarmament operations, many hazards are created by the presence of weapons, ammunition and explosives. The level of risk is mostly dependent on the knowledge and training of the disarmament teams (see section 5.7). The physical condition of the weapons, ammunition and explosives and the environment in which they are handed over or stored have a major effect on that risk. A range of techniques for estimating risk are contained in IATG 2.10 on Introduction to Risk Management Principles and Processes. All relevant guidelines contained in the IATG should be strictly adhered to in order to ensure the safety of all persons and assets when handling conventional ammunition. Adequate expertise is critical. Unqualified personnel should never handle ammunition or any type of explosive material.

sentence:
  All relevant guidelines contained in the IATG should be strictly adhered to in order to ensure the safety of all persons and assets when handling conventional ammunition.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: Mission and Programme Support for DDR
color: #00A554
module: 3.41 Mission and Programme Support for DDR
heading1: 6. Budgeting for DDR during programme development
heading2: 6.1. The peacekeeping assessed budget of the UN
heading3: 6.1.1. Elements of budgeting for DDR
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  DISARMAMENT 
   Disarmament is the collection, documentation, control and disposal of small arms, ammunition, explosives and light and heavy weapons of combatants and often also of the civilian population. It also includes the development of responsible arms management programmes. 

   DEMOBILIZATION 
   Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups. The first stage of demobilization may comprise the processing of individual combatants in temporary centres to the massing of troops in camps designated for this purpose (cantonment sites, encampments, assembly areas or barracks). The second stage of demobilization encompasses the support package provided to the demobilized, which is called reinsertion. 

   REINSERTION 
   Reinsertion is the assistance offered to ex-combatants during demobilization but prior to the longer-term process of reintegration. Reinsertion is a form of transitional assistance to help cover the basic needs of ex-combatants and their families and can include transitional safety allowances, food, clothes, shelter, medical services, short-term education, training, employment and tools. While reintegration is a long-term, continuous social and economic process of development, reinsertion is a short-term material and/ or financial assistance to meet immediate needs, and can last up to a year. 

   REINTEGRATION 
   Reintegration is the process by which ex-combatants acquire civilian status and gain sustainable employment and income. It is essentially a social and economic process with an open time-frame, primarily taking place in communities at the local level. It is part of the general development of a country and a national responsibility and often necessitates long-term external assistance.

sentence:
   DEMOBILIZATION 
   Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: Summary
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization occurs when members of armed forces and groups transition from military to civilian life. It is the second step of a DDR programme and part of the demilitarization efforts of a society emerging from conflict. Demobilization operations shall be designed for combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. Female combatants and women associated with armed forces and groups have traditionally faced obstacles to entering DDR programmes, so particular attention should be given to facilitating their access to reinsertion and reintegration support. Victims, dependants and community members do not participate in demobilization activities. However, where dependants have accompanied armed forces or groups, provisions may be made for them during demobilization, including for their accommodation or transportation to their communities. All demobilization operations shall be gender and age sensitive, nationally and locally owned, context specific and conflict sensitive.

sentence:
  Demobilization operations shall be designed for combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.4 Risk and security assessment
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  A comprehensive risk and security assessment should be conducted to inform the planning of demobilization operations and identify threats to the DDR programme and its personnel, as well as to participants and beneficiaries. The assessment should identify the tolerable risk (the risk accepted by society in a given context based on current values), and then identify the protective measures necessary to achieve a residual risk (the risk remaining after protective measures have been taken). Risks related to women, youth, children, dependants and other specific-needs groups should also be considered. In developing this ‘safe’ working environment, it must be acknowledged that there can be no absolute safety and that many of the activities carried out during demobilization operations have a high risk associated with them. However, national authorities, international organizations and non-governmental organizations must try to achieve the highest possible levels of safety. Risks during demobilization operations may include: 
   Attacks on demobilization site personnel: The personnel who staff demobilization sites may be targeted by armed groups that have not signed on to the peace agreement. 
   Attacks on demobilized individuals: In some instances, peace agreements may cause armed groups to fracture, with some parts of the group opting to enter DDR while others continue fighting. In these instances, those who favour continued armed conflict may retaliate against individuals who demobilize. In some cases, active armed groups may approach demobilization sites with the aim of retrieving their former members. If demobilized individuals have already returned home, members of active armed groups may attempt to track these individuals down in order to punish or forcibly re-recruit them. The family members of the demobilized may also be subject to threats and attacks, particularly if they reside in areas where members of their family member’s former group are still present. 
   Attacks on women and minority groups: Historically, SGBV against women and minority groups in cantonment sites has been high. It is essential that security and risk assessments take into consideration the specific vulnerabilities of women, identify minority groups who may also be at risk and provide additional security measures to ensure their safety. 
   Attacks on individuals transporting and receiving reinsertion support: Security risks are associated with the transportation of cash and commodities that can be easily seized by armed individuals. If it is known that demobilized individuals will receive cash and/or commodities at a certain time and/or place, it may make them targets for robbery. 
   Unrest and criminality: If armed groups remain in demobilization sites (particularly cantonment sites) for long periods of time, perhaps because of delays in the DDR programme, these sites may become places of unrest, especially if food and water become scarce. Demobilization delays can lead to mutinies by combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups as they lose trust in the process. This is especially true if demobilizing individuals begin to feel that the State and/or international community is reneging on previous promises. In these circumstances, demobilized individuals may resort to criminality in nearby communities or mount protests against demobilization personnel. 
   Recruitment: Armed forces and groups may use the prospect of demobilization (and associated reinsertion benefits) as an incentive to recruit civilians.

sentence:
  Risks during demobilization operations may include: 
   Attacks on demobilization site personnel: The personnel who staff demobilization sites may be targeted by armed groups that have not signed on to the peace agreement.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.3 Demobilization sites
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization activities are carried out at designated sites. Static demobilization sites are most typically used for the demobilization of large numbers of combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. They can be semi-permanent and constructed specifically for this purpose, such as cantonment camps (see Annex B for the generic layout of a cantonment camp). Although cantonment was long considered standard practice in DDR programmes, temporary sites may also be appropriate. The decision concerning which type of demobilization site to use should be guided by the specific country context, the security situation, and the advantages and disadvantages associated with semi-permanent and temporary sites, as outlined in the sections that follow.

sentence:
  Static demobilization sites are most typically used for the demobilization of large numbers of combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: Annex B: Sample questions for specific needs analysis in regard to natural resources in DDR
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
sentence: What is the role of armed groups in this?
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Sample questions for conflict and security analysis: 
   Who in the communities/society/government/armed groups benefits from the natural resources that were implicated in the conflict? How do men, women, boys, girls and people with disabilities benefit specifically? 
   Who has access to and control over natural resources? What is the role of armed groups in this? 
   What trends and changes in natural resources are being affected by climate change, and how is access and control over natural resources impacted by climate change? 
   Who has access to and control over land, water and non-extractive resources disaggregated by sex, age, ethnic and/or religion? What is the role of armed groups in this? 
   What are the implications for those who do not carry arms (e.g., security and access to control over resources)? 
   Who are the most vulnerable people in regard to depletion of natural resources or contamination? 
   Who is vulnerable people in terms of safety and security regarding access to natural resources and what are the specific vulnerabilities of men, women, and minorities? 
   Which groups face constraints in regard to access to and ownership of capital assets?


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
color: #008DCA
module: 2.40 Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
heading1: 3. Guiding principles
heading2: 3.2 People-centred
heading3: 3.2.1 Criteria for participation/eligibility
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  When there is a DDR programme, eligibility shall be defined within a national DDR programme document. Different groups of those eligible will participate in each component of the DDR programme: combatants and persons associated with armed groups carrying weapons and ammunition shall participate in disarmament. In addition to these groups, all other unarmed individuals considered members of an armed force or group shall participate in demobilization. Reintegration support should be provided not only to ex-combatants, but also to persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups, including women and children among these categories, and, where appropriate, dependants and host community members. When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not present, or when combatants are ineligible to participate in DDR programmes, eligibility for reintegration support shall be decided by relevant national and local authorities, with support, where appropriate, from relevant UN mission entities as well as UN agencies, programmes and funds. Eligibility for reintegration support in such cases should also take into account ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups, including women, and, where appropriate, dependants and host community members. Children associated or formerly associated with armed groups should always be encouraged to participate in DDR processes with no eligibility limitations.

sentence:
  In addition to these groups, all other unarmed individuals considered members of an armed force or group shall participate in demobilization.


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Introduction to the IDDRS
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.10 Introduction to the IDDRS
heading1: 2. What is DDR?
heading2: DEMOBILIZATION
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups. The first stage of demobilization may extend from the processing of individual combatants in temporary centres to the massing of troops in camps designated for this purpose (cantonment sites, encampments, assembly areas or barracks). The second stage of demobilization encompasses the support package provided to the demobilized, which is called reinsertion.

sentence:
  Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups.


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Glossary: Terms and Definitions
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.20 Glossary: Terms and Definitions
heading1: Demobilization (see also ‘Child demobilization’)
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  “Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups. The first stage of demobilization may extend from the processing of individual combatants in temporary centres to the massing of troops in camps designated for this purpose (cantonment sites, encampments, assembly areas or barracks). the second stage of demobilization encompasses the support package provided to the demobilized, which is called reinsertion” (Secretary-General, note to the General Assembly, A/C.5/59/31, May 2005).

sentence:
  “Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Youth and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.30 Youth and DDR
heading1: 7. Youth-focused approaches to DDR
heading2: 7.1 DDR programmes
heading3: 7.1.3 Profiling
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Even before disarmament begins, a general profile of the potential participants and beneficiaries of a DDR programme should be developed in order to inform later reintegration programming. The following data should be collected: demographic composition of participants and beneficiaries, education and skills, special needs, areas of return, expectations and security risks. To the extent possible, a random and representative sample should be taken, and the data gathered should be disaggregated by age and gender (see IDDRS 4.30 on Reintegration). During disarmament and demobilization, ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces or groups should be registered and more comprehensive profiling should take place (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). This profiling should be used, at a minimum, to identify obstacles that may prevent youth from full participation in a DDR programme, to identify the specific needs and ambitions of youth, and to devise protective measures for youth. For example, profiling may reveal the need for extended outreach services to families to address trauma, distress, or loss, and increase their ability to support returning youth.

sentence:
  During disarmament and demobilization, ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces or groups should be registered and more comprehensive profiling should take place (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: Summary
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Individuals who demobilize should also be provided with orientation briefings, physical and psychosocial health screenings and information that will support their return to the community. A discharge document, such as a demobilization declaration or certificate, should be given to former members of armed forces and groups as proof of their demobilization. During demobilization, DDR practitioners should also conduct a profiling exercise to identify obstacles that may prevent those eligible from full participation in the DDR programme, as well as the specific needs and ambitions of the demobilized. This information should be used to inform planning for reinsertion and/or reintegration support.

sentence:
  A discharge document, such as a demobilization declaration or certificate, should be given to former members of armed forces and groups as proof of their demobilization.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and natural resources
heading2: 7.2 Demobilization
heading3: 7.2.3 Disposal and management of waste from conflict
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization: Key questions 
   - What is the risk (if any) that reinsertion assistance will equip former members of armed forces and groups with skills that can be used to further exploit natural resources or engage in criminal activities? 
   - If skills training and catch-up education are provided as part of short-term reinsertion assistance, do they adequately initiate former members of armed forces and groups in the realities of the lawful economic and social environment, including as it pertains to natural resources? 
   - What safeguards can be put in place to prevent former members of armed forces and groups from continuing to engage in any illicit or licit exploitation, control over and/or trade in natural resources linked to the conflict? 
   - What does demobilization offer that membership in armed forces and groups that are controlling or exploiting natural resources does not? Conversely, what does such membership in armed forces and groups offer that demobilization does not? What are the (perceived) benefits of continued engagement in illicit activities? 
   - How does demobilization address the specific needs of certain groups such as women and children who may have been recruited and used and/or been victims of armed forces and groups involved in natural resource exploitation, control or trafficking in conflict?

sentence:
  Conversely, what does such membership in armed forces and groups offer that demobilization does not?


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: The Legal Framework for UN DDR
color: #008DCA
module: 2.11 The Legal Framework for UN DDR
heading1: 4. General guiding principles
heading2: 4.2 Normative legal framework
heading3: 4.2.1 International humanitarian law
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  There are two types of armed conflict under IHL: (1) international armed conflict (an armed conflict between States) and (2) non-international armed conflict (an armed conflict between a State’s armed forces and an organized armed group, or between organized armed groups). Each type of armed conflict is governed by a distinct set of rules, though the differences between the two regimes have diminished as the law governing non-international armed conflict has developed

sentence:
  There are two types of armed conflict under IHL: (1) international armed conflict (an armed conflict between States) and (2) non-international armed conflict (an armed conflict between a State’s armed forces and an organized armed group, or between organized armed groups).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: Summary
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization occurs when members of armed forces and groups transition from military to civilian life. It is the second step of a DDR programme and part of the demilitarization efforts of a society emerging from conflict. Demobilization operations shall be designed for combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. Female combatants and women associated with armed forces and groups have traditionally faced obstacles to entering DDR programmes, so particular attention should be given to facilitating their access to reinsertion and reintegration support. Victims, dependants and community members do not participate in demobilization activities. However, where dependants have accompanied armed forces or groups, provisions may be made for them during demobilization, including for their accommodation or transportation to their communities. All demobilization operations shall be gender and age sensitive, nationally and locally owned, context specific and conflict sensitive.

sentence:
  Demobilization occurs when members of armed forces and groups transition from military to civilian life.


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Glossary: Terms and Definitions
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.20 Glossary: Terms and Definitions
heading1: Child demobilization, release, exit from an armed force or Group
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
sentence: The term ‘demobilization’ refers to ending a child’s association with armed forces or groups.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  The term ‘demobilization’ refers to ending a child’s association with armed forces or groups. The terms ‘release’ or ‘exit from an armed force or group’ and ‘children coming or exiting from armed forces and groups’ rather than ‘demobilized children’ are preferred.
  Child demobilization/release is very brief and involves removing a child from a military or armed group as swiftly as possible. This action may require official documentation (e.g., issuing a demobilization card or official registration in a database for ex-combatants) to confirm that the child has no military status, although formal documentation must be used carefully so that it does not stigmatize an already-vulnerable child.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization contributes to the rightsizing of armed forces, the complete disbanding of armed groups, or the disbanding of armed forces and groups with a view to forming new armed forces. It is generally part of the demilitarization efforts of a society emerging from conflict. It is therefore a symbolically important step in the consolidation of peace, particularly within the framework of the implementation of peace agreements.

sentence:
  Demobilization contributes to the rightsizing of armed forces, the complete disbanding of armed groups, or the disbanding of armed forces and groups with a view to forming new armed forces.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: UN Military Roles and Responsibilities
color: #7366A3
module: 4.40 UN Military Roles and Responsibilities
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.2 People-centred
heading3: 4.2.1 Criteria for participation/eligibility
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  When DDR and SSR processes are linked, former members of armed groups shall only be recruited into the reformed security sector if they are thoroughly vetted and meet the designated recruitment criteria. Former members of armed groups shall not be integrated into the national armed forces merely because of their status as a member of an armed group. Children shall not be recruited into the national armed forces and effective age assessment procedures must be in place (see IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR). Former members of armed groups who have been involved in the commission of war crimes or human rights violations shall not be eligible for recruitment into the national armed forces, including when DDR processes are linked to SSR.

sentence:
  Former members of armed groups shall not be integrated into the national armed forces merely because of their status as a member of an armed group.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups may experience challenges related to demobilization and the transition to civilian life. Armed forces and groups are often effective in socializing their members to violence and military ways of life. Training, initiation rituals and hazing are common methods of military socialization. So too are shared experiences of violence and combat. When leaving armed forces and groups, individuals may experience difficulties in shedding their military identity as well as rejection and stigmatization in their communities. Demobilization can mean adjustment to a new role and status, and new routines of family or home life. Persons who demobilize may also experience a loss of purpose, difficulty in creating and sustaining a livelihood, and a loss of military community and friendships.

sentence:
  Combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups may experience challenges related to demobilization and the transition to civilian life.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures
color: #00A554
module: 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures
heading1: Annex B: Guide to conducting a DDR technical assessment mission
heading2: Assessing the planning and implementation context
heading3: Socio-economic factors
heading4: Defining specific groups for DDR
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Potential targets for disarmament include government armed forces, opposition armed groups, civil defence forces, irregular armed groups and armed individuals. These generally include: 
   male and female combatants, and those associated with the fighting groups, such as those performing support roles (voluntarily or because they have been forced to) or who have been abducted; 
   child (boys and girls) soldiers, and those associated with the armed forces and groups; 
   foreign combatants; 
   dependants of combatants.

sentence:
  Potential targets for disarmament include government armed forces, opposition armed groups, civil defence forces, irregular armed groups and armed individuals.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Women, Gender and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.10 Women, Gender and DDR
heading1: Summary
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Even when they are not involved with armed forces and groups themselves, women are strongly affected by decisions made during the demobilization of men. Furthermore, it is impossible to tackle the problems of women’s political, social and economic marginaliza- tion or the high levels of violence against women in conflict and post-conflict zones without paying attention to how men’s experiences and expectations also shape gender relations. This module therefore includes some ideas about how to design DDR processes for men in such a way that they will learn to resolve interpersonal conflicts without using violence to do so, which will increase the security of their families and broader communities.

sentence:
  Even when they are not involved with armed forces and groups themselves, women are strongly affected by decisions made during the demobilization of men.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: 6. Approaches to the reintegration of ex-combatants
heading2: 6.3. Focus on command structures
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
sentence: A stated aim of demobilization is the breakdown of armed groups’ command structures.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  The risks posed by enduring command structures should also be taken into account dur- ing reintegration planning and may require specific action. A stated aim of demobilization is the breakdown of armed groups’ command structures. However, experience has shown this is difficult to achieve, quantify, qualify or monitor. Over time hierarchical structures erode, but informal networks and associations based upon loyalties and shared experi- ences may remain long into the post-conflict period.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
sentence: Demobilization is the second component of a DDR programme.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization is the second component of a DDR programme. DDR programmes require certain preconditions in order to be viable, including the signing of a negotiated ceasefire and/or peace agreement that provides the framework for DDR; trust in the peace process; willingness of the parties to the armed conflict to engage in DDR; and a minimum guarantee of security (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR).


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Glossary: Terms and Definitions
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.20 Glossary: Terms and Definitions
heading1: Reintegration of children
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
sentence: . . armed conflicts”.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  The provision of reintegration support is a right enshrined in article 39 of the CRC: “State Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote . . . social reintegration of a child victim of . . . armed conflicts”. Child-centred reintegration is multi-layered and focuses on family reunification; mobilizing and enabling care systems in the community; medical screening and health care, including reproductive health services; schooling and/or vocational training; psychosocial support; and social, cultural and economic support. Socio-economic reintegration is often underestimated in DDR programmes, but should be included in all stages of programming and budgeting, and partner organizations should be involved at the start of the reintegration process to establish strong collaboration structures.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and natural resources
heading2: 7.2 Demobilization
heading3: 7.2.3 Disposal and management of waste from conflict
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization: Key questions 
   - What is the risk (if any) that reinsertion assistance will equip former members of armed forces and groups with skills that can be used to further exploit natural resources or engage in criminal activities? 
   - If skills training and catch-up education are provided as part of short-term reinsertion assistance, do they adequately initiate former members of armed forces and groups in the realities of the lawful economic and social environment, including as it pertains to natural resources? 
   - What safeguards can be put in place to prevent former members of armed forces and groups from continuing to engage in any illicit or licit exploitation, control over and/or trade in natural resources linked to the conflict? 
   - What does demobilization offer that membership in armed forces and groups that are controlling or exploiting natural resources does not? Conversely, what does such membership in armed forces and groups offer that demobilization does not? What are the (perceived) benefits of continued engagement in illicit activities? 
   - How does demobilization address the specific needs of certain groups such as women and children who may have been recruited and used and/or been victims of armed forces and groups involved in natural resource exploitation, control or trafficking in conflict?

sentence:
   - How does demobilization address the specific needs of certain groups such as women and children who may have been recruited and used and/or been victims of armed forces and groups involved in natural resource exploitation, control or trafficking in conflict?


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: Annex B: Sample questions for specific needs analysis in regard to natural resources in DDR
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Sample questions for demobilization (including reinsertion): 
   How do cantonments or other demobilization sites affect local communities’ access to natural resources? 
   How are women and men affected differently? 
   What are the infrastructure needs of local communities? 
   What are the differences of women and men’s priorities? 
   In order to act in a manner inclusive of all relevant stakeholders, whose voices should be heard in the process of planning and implementing reinsertion activities with local communities? 
   What are the traditional roles of women and men in labour market participation? What are the differences between different age groups? 
   Do women or men have cultural roles that affect their participation (e.g. child care roles, cultural beliefs, time poverty)? 
   What skills and abilities are required from participants of the planned reinsertion activities? 
   Are there groups that require special support to be able to participate in reinsertion activities?

sentence:
  Sample questions for demobilization (including reinsertion): 
   How do cantonments or other demobilization sites affect local communities’ access to natural resources?


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.4 Risk and security assessment
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  A comprehensive risk and security assessment should be conducted to inform the planning of demobilization operations and identify threats to the DDR programme and its personnel, as well as to participants and beneficiaries. The assessment should identify the tolerable risk (the risk accepted by society in a given context based on current values), and then identify the protective measures necessary to achieve a residual risk (the risk remaining after protective measures have been taken). Risks related to women, youth, children, dependants and other specific-needs groups should also be considered. In developing this ‘safe’ working environment, it must be acknowledged that there can be no absolute safety and that many of the activities carried out during demobilization operations have a high risk associated with them. However, national authorities, international organizations and non-governmental organizations must try to achieve the highest possible levels of safety. Risks during demobilization operations may include: 
   Attacks on demobilization site personnel: The personnel who staff demobilization sites may be targeted by armed groups that have not signed on to the peace agreement. 
   Attacks on demobilized individuals: In some instances, peace agreements may cause armed groups to fracture, with some parts of the group opting to enter DDR while others continue fighting. In these instances, those who favour continued armed conflict may retaliate against individuals who demobilize. In some cases, active armed groups may approach demobilization sites with the aim of retrieving their former members. If demobilized individuals have already returned home, members of active armed groups may attempt to track these individuals down in order to punish or forcibly re-recruit them. The family members of the demobilized may also be subject to threats and attacks, particularly if they reside in areas where members of their family member’s former group are still present. 
   Attacks on women and minority groups: Historically, SGBV against women and minority groups in cantonment sites has been high. It is essential that security and risk assessments take into consideration the specific vulnerabilities of women, identify minority groups who may also be at risk and provide additional security measures to ensure their safety. 
   Attacks on individuals transporting and receiving reinsertion support: Security risks are associated with the transportation of cash and commodities that can be easily seized by armed individuals. If it is known that demobilized individuals will receive cash and/or commodities at a certain time and/or place, it may make them targets for robbery. 
   Unrest and criminality: If armed groups remain in demobilization sites (particularly cantonment sites) for long periods of time, perhaps because of delays in the DDR programme, these sites may become places of unrest, especially if food and water become scarce. Demobilization delays can lead to mutinies by combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups as they lose trust in the process. This is especially true if demobilizing individuals begin to feel that the State and/or international community is reneging on previous promises. In these circumstances, demobilized individuals may resort to criminality in nearby communities or mount protests against demobilization personnel. 
   Recruitment: Armed forces and groups may use the prospect of demobilization (and associated reinsertion benefits) as an incentive to recruit civilians.

sentence:
  In some cases, active armed groups may approach demobilization sites with the aim of retrieving their former members.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Women, Gender and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.10 Women, Gender and DDR
heading1: 6. Gender-responsive DDR
heading2: 6.3 Demobilization
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Box 3 Why are female supporters/FAAFGs eligible for demobilization? 
   Female supporters and females associated with armed forces and groups shall enter DDR at the demobilization stage because, even if they are not as much of a security risk as combatants, the DDR process, by definition, will break down their social support systems through the demobilization of those on whom they have relied to make a living. If the aim of DDR is to provide broad-based community security, it cannot create insecurity for this group of women by ignoring their special needs. Even if the argument is made that women associated with armed forces and groups should be included in more broadly coordinated reintegration and recovery frameworks, it is important to remember that they will then miss out on specifically designed support to help them make the transition from a military to a civilian lifestyle. In addition, many of the programmes aimed at enabling communities to reinforce reintegration will not be in place early enough to deal with the immediate needs of this group of women.

sentence:
   Female supporters and females associated with armed forces and groups shall enter DDR at the demobilization stage because, even if they are not as much of a security risk as combatants, the DDR process, by definition, will break down their social support systems through the demobilization of those on whom they have relied to make a living.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: 8. Programme planning and design
heading2: 8.2. Reintegration design
heading3: 8.2.2. Eligibility criteria
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  The eligibility criteria established for the reintegration programme will not necessarily be the same as the criteria established for the disarmament and demobilization phases. Groups associated with armed forces and groups and dependants may not have been eligible to participate in disarmament or demobilization, for instance, but may qualify to participate in reintegration programme activities. It is therefore important to assess eligi- bility on an individual basis using a screening or verification process.

sentence:
  Groups associated with armed forces and groups and dependants may not have been eligible to participate in disarmament or demobilization, for instance, but may qualify to participate in reintegration programme activities.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 6892137cDemobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization as part of a DDR programme is the separation of members of armed forces and groups from military command and control structures and their transition to civilian status. The first stage of demobilization includes the formal and controlled discharge of members of armed forces and groups in designated sites. A peace agreement provides the political, policy and operational framework for demobilization and may be accompanied by a DDR policy document. When the preconditions for a DDR programme do not exist, the transition from combatant to civilian status can be facilitated and formalized through different approaches by national authorities.

sentence:
  Demobilization as part of a DDR programme is the separation of members of armed forces and groups from military command and control structures and their transition to civilian status.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Organized Crime
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.40 DDR and Organized Crime
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and organized crime
heading2: 7.2 Demobilization
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
sentence: What does demobilization offer that organized crime does not?
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  BOX 2: DEMOBILIZATION: KEY QUESTIONS 
   What is the risk (if any) that reinsertion assistance will equip former members of armed forces and groups with skills that can be used in criminal activities? 
   If skills training and catch-up education are provided as part of short-term reinsertion assistance, do they adequately initiate former members of armed forces and groups into the realities of the lawful economic and social environment? 
   What safeguards can be put into place to prevent former members of armed forces and groups from being recruited by criminal actors? 
   What does demobilization offer that organized crime does not? Conversely, what does organized crime offer that demobilization does not? What are the (perceived) benefits of continued engagement in illicit activities? 
   How does demobilization address the specific needs of certain groups, such as women and children, who may have engaged in and/or been victims of organized crime in conflict?


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.7 Demobilization team structure
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  The demobilization team is responsible for implementing all operational procedures for demobilization and should be trained in the use of the abovementioned SOPs. The demobilization team should include a gender-balanced composition of: 
   DDR practitioners; 
   Representatives from the national DDR commission (and potentially other national institutions); 
   Child protection officers; 
   Gender specialists; and 
   Youth specialists.

sentence:
  The demobilization team is responsible for implementing all operational procedures for demobilization and should be trained in the use of the abovementioned SOPs.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: HIV/AIDS and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.60 HIV-AIDS and DDRAIDS and DDR
heading1: 1. Module scope and objectives
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
sentence: It focuses on interventions during the demobilization and reintegration phases.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  This module aims to provide policy makers, operational planners and DDR officers with guidance on how to plan and implement HIV/AIDS programmes as part of a DDR frame- work. It focuses on interventions during the demobilization and reintegration phases. A basic assumption is that broader HIV/AIDS programmes at the community level fall outside the planning requirements of DDR officers. Community programmes require a multisectoral approach and should be sustainable after DDR is completed. The need to integrate HIV/ AIDS in community-based demobilization and reintegration efforts, however, can make this distinction unclear, and therefore it is vital that the national and international part- ners responsible for longer-term HIV/AIDS programmes are involved and have a lead role in DDR initiatives from the outset, and that HIV/AIDS is included in national recon- struction. DDR programmes need to integrate HIV concerns and the planning of national HIV strategies need to consider DDR.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Organized Crime
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.40 DDR and Organized Crime
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and organized crime
heading2: 7.2 Demobilization
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
sentence: For further information, see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  Continued engagement in organized criminal activities can serve not only to further war efforts, but may also offer former members of armed forces and groups a stable livelihood that they otherwise would not have. In some cases, the economic opportunities and rewards available through violent predation and/or patronage networks might exceed those expected through the DDR programme. Therefore, it is important that the short-term reinsertion support on offer is linked to long-term prospects for a sustainable livelihood and is sufficient to fight the perceived short-term ‘benefits’ from engagement in illicit activities. For further information, see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.3 Demobilization sites
heading3: 5.3.2 Temporary demobilization sites
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  BOX 3: WHICH TYPE OF DEMOBILIZATION SITE 

   When choosing which type of demobilization site is most appropriate, DDR practitioners shall consider: 
   Do the peace agreement and/or national DDR policy document contain references to demobilization sites? 
   Are both male and female combatants already in the communities where they will reintegrate? 
   Will the demobilization process consist of formed military units reporting with their commanders, or individual combatants leaving active armed groups? 
   What approach is being taken in other components of the DDR process – for example, is disarmament being undertaken at a mobile or static site? (See IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament.) 
   Will cantonment play an important confidence-building role in the peace process? 
   What does the context tell you about the potential security threat to those who demobilize? Are active armed groups likely to retaliate against former members who opt to demobilize? 
   Can reception, disarmament and demobilization take place at the same site? 
   Can existing sites be used? Do they require refurbishment? 
   Will there be enough resources to build semi-permanent demobilization sites? How long will the construction process take? 
   What are the potential risks of cantoning any one of the groups?

sentence:
  BOX 3: WHICH TYPE OF DEMOBILIZATION SITE 

   When choosing which type of demobilization site is most appropriate, DDR practitioners shall consider: 
   Do the peace agreement and/or national DDR policy document contain references to demobilization sites?


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Food Assistance in DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.50 Food Assistance in DDR
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.2 People centred
heading3: 4.2.1 Criteria for participation/eligibility
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
sentence: Because dependants are civilians, they should not be involved in disarmament and demobilization.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  Because dependants are civilians, they should not be involved in disarmament and demobilization. However, they should be screened and identified as dependants of an eligible combatant (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). In this context, food assistance for dependants may be implemented in one of two ways. The first would involve dependants being cantoned in a separate, nearby camp while combatants are disarmed and demobilized. The second would involve dependants being taken or being asked to go directly to their communities. These two approaches would require different methods for distributing food assistance. During the planning process for the food assistance component of a DDR process, a clear, coordinated approach to inter-agency procedures for meeting the needs of dependants shall be outlined for all agency partners that will be involved.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  To effectively demobilize members of armed forces and groups, meticulous planning is required. At a minimum, planning for demobilization operations should include information collection; agreement with national authorities on eligibility criteria; decisions on the type, number and location of demobilization sites; decisions on the type of transfer modality for reinsertion assistance; a risk and security assessment; the development of standard operating procedures; and the creation of a demobilization team. All demobilization operations shall be based on gender- and age-responsive analysis and shall be developed in close cooperation with the national authorities or institutions responsible for the DDR programme.

sentence:
  At a minimum, planning for demobilization operations should include information collection; agreement with national authorities on eligibility criteria; decisions on the type, number and location of demobilization sites; decisions on the type of transfer modality for reinsertion assistance; a risk and security assessment; the development of standard operating procedures; and the creation of a demobilization team.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 8. Child-sensitive approaches to DDR
heading2: 8.2 Demobilization
heading3: 8.2.1 Demobilization sites
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  Depending on the specific DDR process in place, demobilization may occur at semi- permanent military-controlled sites (such as cantonment sites), reception centres or mobile demobilization sites (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). When reporting to such sites, the time CAAFAG spend at the site shall be as short as possible, and every effort shall be made to rapidly identify them, register them and supply them with their immediate needs. Where possible, children should be identified before arrival at the demobilization site so that the documentation process (identification, verification, registration, medical needs) and other applicable procedures last no longer than 48 hours, after which they shall be transferred to an interim care centre (ICC) for children or to another location under civilian control. If CAAFAG report or are brought to mobile demobilization sites or reception centres, standard operating procedures shall be in place outlining when and how the handover to civilian authorities will take place.

sentence:
  Depending on the specific DDR process in place, demobilization may occur at semi- permanent military-controlled sites (such as cantonment sites), reception centres or mobile demobilization sites (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization).


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Security Sector Reform
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform
heading1: 5. Rationale for linking DDR and SSR
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  Demobilization 
   While often treated narrowly as a feature of DDR, demobilization can also be conceived within an SSR framework more generally. Where decisions affecting force size and structure provide for inefficient, unaffordable or abusive security structures this will undermine long term peace and security. Decisions should therefore be based on a rational, inclusive assess- ment by national actors of the objectives, role and values of the future security sector. One important element of the relationship between demobilization and SSR relates to the impor- tance of avoiding security vacuums. Ensuring that decisions on both the structures estab- lished to house the demobilization process and the return of demobilised ex-combatants are taken in parallel with complementary community law enforcement activities can miti- gate this concern. The security implications of cross-border flows of ex-combatants also highlight the positive relationship between demobilization and border security.

sentence:
  Demobilization 
   While often treated narrowly as a feature of DDR, demobilization can also be conceived within an SSR framework more generally.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Security Sector Reform
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform
heading1: 7. DDR and SSR dynamics to consider before and during demobilisation
heading2: 7.6. Data collection and management
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  Extensive data is often collected during the demobilization stage (see Module 4.20 on Demobilization, Para 5.4). A mechanism for collecting and processing this information within the Management Information System (MIS) should capture information require- ments for both DDR and SSR and may also support related activities such as mine action (See Box 2). Relevant information should be used to support human resource and financial management needs for the security sector. (See Module 4.20 on Demobilization, Para 8.2, especially box on Military Information.) This may also support the work of those respon- sible for undertaking a census or vetting of security personnel. Guidelines should include confidentiality issues in order to mitigate against inappropriate use of information.

sentence:
  Extensive data is often collected during the demobilization stage (see Module 4.20 on Demobilization, Para 5.4).


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and natural resources
heading2: 7.2 Demobilization
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  Demobilization includes a reinsertion phase in which transitional assistance is offered to DDR programme participants for a period of up to one year, prior to reintegration support (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). Transitional assistance may be offered in a number of ways including in-kind support, cash-based transfers, public works programmes or other income-generating activities. In contexts where there has been degradation of natural resources that are important for livelihoods or destruction of key water, sanitation and energy infrastructure, DDR programme participants can be employed in labour-intensive, quick-impact infrastructure or rehabilitation projects during the demobilization phase. When targeting natural resource management sectors, these projects can contribute to restoration and rehabilitation of environmental damages; increased protection of critical ecosystems; improved management of critical natural resources; and reduced vulnerability to natural disasters. Concerted efforts should be made to include women, youth, elderly, disabled, in planning and implementation of reinsertion activities.

sentence:
  Demobilization includes a reinsertion phase in which transitional assistance is offered to DDR programme participants for a period of up to one year, prior to reintegration support (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.3 Demobilization sites
heading3: 5.3.2 Temporary demobilization sites
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  Temporary demobilization sites that make use of existing facilities may be used as an alternative to the construction of semi-permanent demobilization sites. In this approach, combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups are told to meet at a specific location for demobilization within a specific time period. Temporary demobilization sites may be particularly useful if the target group is small, if individuals are likely to report for demobilization in small groups, or if the target group is scattered in multiple, known locations that are logistically accessible. This kind of site allows demobilization teams to carry out their activities in these locations without the need to build permanent structures. This approach may also be more appropriate than semi-permanent cantonment sites when the target group is already based in the community where its members will reintegrate. This is because combatants who are already in their communities should, where possible, remain there rather than be transported to a demobilization centre and back again. For a full list of the advantages and disadvantages of temporary demobilization sites, see table 2.

sentence:
  Temporary demobilization sites that make use of existing facilities may be used as an alternative to the construction of semi-permanent demobilization sites.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 6. Transitional WAM as a DDR-related tool
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  The activities outlined below should be carried out during the demobilization component of a DDR programme. These activities can be conducted at either semi-permanent or temporary demobilization sites.

sentence:
  The activities outlined below should be carried out during the demobilization component of a DDR programme.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.3 Demobilization sites
heading3: 5.3.4 Size, capacity and duration
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  The duration of demobilization will depend on the time that is needed to complete the activities planned during demobilization (e.g., screening, profiling, awareness raising). Generally speaking, the demobilization component of a DDR process should be as short as possible. At temporary demobilization sites, it may be possible to process individuals in one or two days. If semi-permanent demobilization sites have been constructed, cantonment should be kept as short as possible – from one week to a maximum of one month. DDR practitioners should also seek to ensure that the conditions at demobilization sites are equivalent to those in civilian life. If this is the case, then it is less likely that demobilized individuals will be reluctant to leave. Demobilization should not begin until plans for reinsertion (or community violence reduction, as a stop-gap measure) and reintegration are ready to be put into operation.

sentence:
  The duration of demobilization will depend on the time that is needed to complete the activities planned during demobilization (e.g., screening, profiling, awareness raising).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.10 Well planned
heading3: 4.10.1 Safety and security
session_key: o3wwghdrck5tyh2azopkwil59ph56ufl
sentence: This section outlines how these principles apply to demobilization.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-24
uniqueID: 7f657818Demobilization
paragraph:
  IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR sets out the main principles that guide all aspects of DDR processes. This section outlines how these principles apply to demobilization.


