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# App_standards

standardTitle: Introduction to the IDDRS
stamdardNumber: 1.10
standardPath: 1/IDDRS-1.10-Introduction-To-The-IDDRS.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Since the late 1980s, the United Nations (UN) has increasingly been called upon to support the implementation of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programmes in countries emerging from conflict. In a peacekeeping context, this trend has been part of a move towards complex operations that seek to deal with a wide variety of issues ranging from security to human rights, rule of law, elections and economic governance, rather than traditional peacekeeping where two warring parties were separated by a ceasefire line patrolled by blue- helmeted soldiers. The changed nature of peacekeeping and post-conflict recovery strategies requires close coordination among UN departments, agencies, funds and programmes. In the past five years alone, DDR has been included in the mandates for multidimensional peacekeeping operations in Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia and Sudan. Simultaneously, the UN has increased its DDR engagement in non-peacekeeping contexts, namely in Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, the Congo, Indonesia (Aceh), Niger, Somalia, Solomon Islands and Uganda. While the UN has acquired significant experience in the planning and management of DDR programmes, it has yet to establish a collective approach to DDR, or clear and usable policies and guidelines to facilitate coordination and cooperation among UN agencies, departments and programmes. This has resulted in poor coordination and planning and gaps in the implementation of DDR programmes.</p>


standardTitle: The UN Approach to DDR
stamdardNumber: 2.10
standardPath: 2/IDDRS-2.10-The-UN-Approach-To-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>ntegrated disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is part of the United Nations (UN) system’s multidimensional approach that contributes to the entire peace continuum, from prevention, conflict resolution and peacekeeping, to peacebuilding and development. Integrated DDR processes are made up of various combinations of:</p>
  <ul>
  <li>DDR programmes;</li>
  <li>DDR-related tools;</li>
  <li>Reintegration support, including when complementing DDR-related tools.</li>
  </ul>
  <p>DDR practitioners select the most appropriate of these measures to be applied on the basis of a thorough analysis of the particular context. Coordination is key to integrated DDR and is predicated on mechanisms that guarantee synergy and common purpose among all UN actors.</p>
  <p>The Integrated DDR Standards (IDDRS) contained in this document are a compilation of the UN’s knowledge and experience in this field. They show how integrated DDR processes can contribute to preventing conflict escalation, supporting political processes, building security, protecting civilians, promoting gender equality and addressing its root causes, reconstructing the social fabric and developing human capacity. Integrated DDR is at the heart of peacebuilding and aims to contribute to long-term security and stability.</p>
  <p>Within the UN, integrated DDR takes place in partnership with Member States in both mission and non-mission settings, including in peace operations where they are mandated, and with the cooperation of agencies, funds and programmes. In countries and regions where integrated DDR processes are implemented, there should be a focus on capacity-building at the regional, national and local levels in order to encourage sustainable regional, national and/or local ownership and other peacebuilding measures. </p>
  <p>Integrated DDR processes should work towards sustaining peace. Whereas peacebuilding activities are typically understood as a response to conflict once it has already broken out, the sustaining peace approach recognizes the need to work along the entire peace continuum and towards the prevention of conflict before it occurs. In this way the UN should support those capacities, institutions and attitudes that help communities to resolve conflicts peacefully. The implications of working along the peace continuum are particularly important for the provision of reintegration support. Now, as part of the sustaining peace approach those individuals leaving armed groups can be supported not only in post-conflict situations, but also during conflict escalation and ongoing conflict.</p>
  <p>Community-based approaches to reintegration support, in particular, are well positioned to operationalize the sustaining peace approach. They address the needs of former combatants, persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups, and receiving communities, while necessitating the multidimensional/sectoral expertise of several UN and regional actors across the humanitarian-peace-development nexus (see IDDRS 2.40 on Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace).</p>
  <p>Integrated DDR should also be characterized by flexibility, including in funding structures, to adapt quickly to the dynamic and often volatile conflict and post-conflict environment. DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support, in whichever combination they are implemented, shall be synchronized through integrated coordination mechanisms, and carefully monitored and evaluated for effectiveness and with sensitivity to conflict dynamics and potential unintended effects.</p>
  <p>Five categories of people should be taken into consideration in integrated DDR processes as participants or beneficiaries, depending on the context:</p>
  <ol>
  <li>members of armed forces and groups who served in combat and/or support roles (those in support roles are often referred to as being associated with armed forces and groups);<br /> 2. abductees or victims;<br /> 3. dependents/families;<br /> 4. civilian returnees or ‘self-demobilized’;<br /> 5. community members.</li>
  </ol>
  <p>In each of these five categories, consideration should be given to addressing the specific needs and capacities of women, youth, children, persons with disabilities, and persons with chronic illnesses. In particular, the unconditional and immediate release of children associated with armed forces and groups must be a priority. Children must be supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities at all times, irrespective of the status of peace negotiations and/or the development of DDR programmes and DDR-related tools.</p>
  <p>DDR programmes consist of a set of related measures, with a particular aim, falling under the operational categories of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. Disarmament and other DDR-related weapons control activities aim to reduce the number of illicit weapons, ammunition and explosives in circulation and are important elements in responding to and addressing the drivers of conflict. Demobilization, including the provision of tailored reinsertion packages, is crucial in discharging combatants and those in support roles from the structures of armed forces and groups. Furthermore, DDR programmes emphasize the developmental impact of sustainable and inclusive reintegration and its positive effect on the consolidation of long-lasting peace and security.</p>
  <p>Lessons and experiences have shown that the following preconditions are required for the implementation of a viable DDR programme:</p>
  <ul>
  <li>the signing of a negotiated ceasefire and/or peace agreement that provides the framework for DDR;</li>
  <li>trust in the peace process;</li>
  <li>willingness of the parties to the armed conflict to engage in DDR; and</li>
  <li>a minimum guarantee of security. </li>
  </ul>
  <p><span style="font-size: 14px;">When these preconditions are in place, a DDR programme provides a common results framework for the coordination, management and implementation of DDR by national Governments with support from the UN system and regional and local stakeholders. A DDR programme establishes the outcomes, outputs, activities and inputs required, organizes costing requirements into a budget, and sets the monitoring and</span>evaluation framework, including by identifying indicators, targets and milestones. </p>
  <p>In addition to DDR programmes, the UN has developed a set of DDR-related tools aiming to provide immediate and targeted responses. These include pre-DDR, transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM), community violence reduction (CVR), initiatives to prevent individuals from joining armed groups designated as terrorist organizations, DDR support to mediation, and DDR support to transitional security arrangements. In addition, support to programmes for those leaving armed groups labelled and/or designated as terrorist organizations may also be provided by DDR practitioners in compliance with international standards.</p>
  <p>The specific aims of DDR-related tools vary according to the context and can contribute to broader political and peacebuilding efforts in line with United Nations Security Council and General Assembly mandates and broader strategic frameworks, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (UNSDCF), the Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) and/or the Integrated Strategic Framework. A gender- and child-sensitive approach should be applied to the planning, implementation and monitoring of DDR-related tools.</p>
  <p>DDR-related tools may be applied before, during and after DDR programmes as complementary measures. However, they may also be used when the preconditions for DDR programmes are not in place. When this occurs, it is particularly important to delimit the boundaries of an integrated DDR process. Integrated DDR processes without DDR programmes do not include all ongoing stabilization and recovery measures, but only those DDR-related tools (CVR, transitional WAM, and so forth) and reintegration efforts that directly respond to the presence of active and/or former members of armed groups. Clear DDR mandates and specific requests for DDR assistance also define the parameters and scope of integrated DDR processes.</p>
  <p>The UN approach to integrated DDR recognizes the need to provide support for reintegration when the preconditions for DDR programmes are not present. In these contexts, reintegration may take place alongside/following DDR-related tools, or when DDR-related tools are not in use. The aim of this support is to facilitate the sustainable reintegration of those leaving armed forces and groups. Moreover, as part of the sustaining peace approach, community-based reintegration programmes also aim to contribute to preventing further recruitment and to sustaining peace, by supporting communities of return, restoring social relations and avoiding perceptions of inequitable access to resources. In this context, exits from armed groups and the reintegration of adult ex-combatants can and should be supported at all times, even in the absence of a DDR programme.</p>
  <p>Support to sustainable reintegration that addresses the needs of affected groups and harnesses their capacities, either as part of DDR programmes or not, requires a thorough understanding of the drivers of conflict, the specific needs of men, women, children and youth, their coping mechanisms and the opportunities for peace. Reintegration assistance should ensure the transition from individually focused to community approaches. This is so that resources can be applied to the benefit of the community in a balanced manner minimizing the stigmatization of former armed group members and contributing to reconciliation and reconstruction of the social fabric. In non-mission contexts, where funding mechanisms are not linked to peacekeeping assessed budgets, the use of DDR-related tools should, even in the initial planning phases, be coordinated with community-based reintegration support in order to ensure sustainability.</p>
  <p>Together, DDR programmes, DDR-related tools, and reintegration support provide a menu of options for DDR practitioners. If the aforementioned preconditions are in place, DDR-related tools may be used before, after or alongside a DDR programme. DDR-related tools and/or reintegration support may also be applied in the absence of preconditions and/or following the determination that a DDR programme is not appropriate for the context. In these cases, DDR-related tools may serve to build trust among the parties and contribute to a secure environment, possibly even paving the way for a DDR programme in the future (if still necessary). Notably, if DDR-related tools are applied with the explicit intent of creating the preconditions for a DDR programme, a combination of top-down and bottom-up measures (e.g., CVR coupled with DDR support to mediation) may be required.</p>
  <p>When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, all DDR-related tools and support to reintegration efforts shall be implemented in line with the applicable legal framework and the key principles of integrated DDR as defined in these standards.</p>


standardTitle: The Legal Framework for UN DDR
stamdardNumber: 2.11
standardPath: 2/IDDRS-2.11-The-Legal-Framework-For-UNDDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p><span style="font-size: 14px;">A variety of actors in the UN system support DDR processes within national contexts. In carrying out DDR, these actors are governed by their respective constituent instruments, by the specific mandates provided by their respective governing bodies, and by applicable internal rules, policies and procedures.</span></p>
  <p>DDR is also undertaken within the context of a broader international legal framework, which contains rights and obligations that may be of relevance for the implementation of DDR tasks. This framework includes international humanitarian law, international human rights law, international criminal law, and international refugee law, as well as the international counter-terrorism and arms control frameworks. UN system-supported DDR processes should be implemented in a manner that ensures that the relevant rights and obligations under the international legal framework are respected.</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>


standardTitle: The Politics of DDR
stamdardNumber: 2.20
standardPath: 2/IDDRS-2.20-The-Politics-of-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is not only a technical undertaking. Many aspects of the DDR process will influence, and be influenced by, political dynamics. Understanding the political dynamics that influence DDR processes requires knowledge of the historical and political context, the actors and stakeholders (armed and unarmed), and the conflict drivers, including local, national and regional aspects that may interact and feed into an armed conflict.</p>
  <p>Armed groups often mobilize for political reasons and/or in response to a range of security, socioeconomic or other grievances. Peace negotiations and processes provide warring parties with a way to end violence and address their grievances through peaceful means. Armed forces may also need to be factored into peace agreements and proportionality between armed forces and groups – in terms of DDR support – taken into account.</p>
  <p>DDR practitioners may provide support to the mediation of peace agreements and to the subsequent oversight and implementation of the relevant parts of these agreements. DDR practitioners can also advise mediators and facilitators so as to ensure that peace agreements incorporate realistic DDR-related clauses, that the parties have a common understanding of the outcome of the DDR process and how this will be implemented, and that DDR processes are not undertaken in isolation but are integrated with other aspects of a peace process, since the success of each is mutually reinforcing.</p>
  <p>All peace agreements contain security provisions to address the control and management of violence in various forms including right-sizing, DDR, and/or other forms of security coordination and control. When and if a given peace agreement demands a DDR process, the national political framework for that particular DDR process is often provided by a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that seeks to address political and security issues. Without such an agreement, warring parties are unlikely to agree to measures that reduce their ability to use military force to reach their goals. In a CPA, it is very common for DDR programmes to be tied to ceasefire provisions and ‘final security arrangements’. If armed groups have political aspirations, the chances of the successful implementation of a CPA can be improved if DDR processes are sensitively designed to support the transformation of these groups into political entities.</p>
  <p>DDR processes may also follow local-level agreements. Local politics can be as important in driving armed conflict as grievances against the State. By focusing on the latter, national-level peace agreements may not address or resolve local conflicts. Therefore, these conflicts may continue even when national-level peace agreements have been signed and implemented. Local-level peace agreements may take a number of different forms, including (but not limited to) local non-aggression pacts between armed groups, deals regarding access to specific areas and community violence reduction (CVR) agreements. DDR practitioners should assess whether local DDR processes remain at the local level, or whether local- and national-level dynamics should be linked in a common multilevel approach.</p>
  <p>Finally, DDR processes can also be undertaken in the absence of peace agreements. In these instances, DDR interventions may be designed to contribute to stabilization, to make the returns of stability more tangible or to create more conducive environments for peace agreements (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR). These interventions should not be reactive and ad hoc, but should be carefully planned in advance in accordance with a predefined strategy.</p>


standardTitle: Community Violence Reduction
stamdardNumber: 2.30
standardPath: 2/IDDRS-2.30-Community-Violence-Reduction.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Integrated disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes increasingly include a community violence reduction (CVR) component as a direct contribution to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related deaths everywhere. As outlined in the United Nations (UN) approach to DDR, CVR is a DDR-related tool that directly responds to the presence of active and/or former members of armed groups, and is designed to promote security and stability in both mission and non-mission contexts (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR). CVR shall not be used to provide material and financial assistance to active members of armed groups.</p>
  <p>In situations where the preconditions for a DDR programme exist, CVR may be pursued before, during, and after a DDR programme. Specific provisions for CVR may also be included in local-level peace agreements, sometimes instead of DDR programmes (see IDDRS 2.20 on The Politics of DDR). CVR may also be pursued when the preconditions for a DDR programme are absent. In this context, CVR can contribute to security and stabilization, help to make the returns of stability more tangible, and create more conducive environments for national and local peace processes.</p>
  <p>There is no uniform or standard template for CVR, although all CVR programmes share the overarching goal of reducing armed violence and sustaining peace (see IDDRS 2.40 on Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace). CVR can be used for a variety of purposes, ranging from the prevention of (re-)recruitment to improving the capacities of communities to absorb ex-combatants and associated groups. CVR may also be used as stop-gap reinsertion assistance at the community level, while reintegration is still at the planning and/or resource mobilization stage.</p>
  <p>Specific theories of change for CVR programmes should be developed and adapted to particular contexts. However, very often an underlying expectation of CVR is that specific programme activities will foster social cohesion and provide former combatants and other at-risk individuals with alternatives to joining armed groups. As a result, communities will become active participants in the reduction of armed violence. While CVR can achieve significant results, it is neither a short-term panacea nor a long-term development programme. Adequate linkages with recovery and development programmes are therefore key.</p>
  <p>CVR programmes may complement other elements of the broader DDR process. For example, CVR can complement other DDR-related tools such as transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM) (see IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management), and can be used as part of programmes for those leaving armed groups designated as terrorist organizations by the United Nations Security Council (see IDDRS 2.11 on The Legal Framework for UN DDR). In mission settings, CVR will be funded through the allocation of assessed contributions. Therefore, where appropriate, planning for CVR should ensure adequate linkages with support to the reintegration of ex-combatants and associated groups. In non-mission settings, funding for CVR will depend on the allocation of national budgets and/or voluntary contributions from donors. Therefore, in instances where CVR and support to community based reintegration are both envisaged, they should, from the outset, be planned and implemented as a single and continuous programme.</p>


standardTitle: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
stamdardNumber: 2.40
standardPath: 2/IDDRS-2.40-Reintegration-as-Part-of-Sustaining-Peace.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The reintegration of ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups is a long-term process with social, economic and political dimensions. It may be influenced by factors such as the choices and capacities of individuals to shape a new life, the security situation and perceptions of security, family and support networks, and the psychological well-being and mental health of ex-combatants and the wider community. Reintegration processes are part of the development of a country. Facilitating reintegration is therefore primarily the responsibility of national Governments and their institutions, with the international community playing a supporting role if requested.</p>
  <p>Efforts to support the transition of ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups into civilian life have typically taken place as part of post-conflict DDR programmes. During DDR programmes assistance is often given collectively, to large numbers of DDR participants and beneficiaries, as part of the implementation of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). However, when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place, reintegration support can still play an important role in sustaining peace. The twin UN resolutions on the 2015 peacebuilding architecture review, General Assembly resolution 70/262 and Security Council resolution 2282, recognize that efforts to sustain peace are necessary at all stages of conflict. This renewed UN policy engagement emerges from the need to address ongoing armed conflicts that are often protracted and complex. In these settings, individuals may exit armed forces and groups during all phases of an armed conflict. This type of exit will often be individual and can take different forms, including voluntary exit or capture.</p>
  <p>In order to support and strengthen the foundation for sustainable peace, the reintegration of ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups should not only be supported after an armed conflict has ended. Instead, reintegration support should be considered at all times, even in the absence of a DDR programme. This support may include the provision of assistance to those who return to peaceful areas of the conflict-affected country, and to those who return to peaceful countries of origin, in the case of foreign fighters.</p>
  <p>When reintegration support is provided during ongoing conflict, it should aim to strengthen resilience against re-recruitment and also to prevent additional first-time recruitment. To do this it is important to strengthen what still works, including the residual capacities for peace that people and communities draw on in times of conflict. The strengthening of peace capacities can be based on the identification of the reasons why some individuals do not join armed groups, and why some combatants leave armed groups and turn away from armed violence.</p>
  <p>There will be additional challenges when supporting reintegration during ongoing conflict. Support to reintegration as part of sustaining peace requires analysis of the intended and unintended outcomes precipitated by engagement in dynamic, conflict-affected environments. DDR practitioners and others involved in the provision of reintegration support should understand how engagement in such contexts has implications for social relations/dynamics – positive and negative – so as to ‘do no harm’ and, in fact, ‘do good’. It should also be recognized that the risk of doing harm is greater in ongoing conflict contexts, thereby demanding a higher level of coordination among existing and planned programmes to avoid the possibility that they may negatively affect each other. In order to support the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, reintegration programme coordination should extend to broader programmes and actors.</p>


standardTitle: Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures
stamdardNumber: 3.10
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.10-Integrated-DDR-Planning-Processes-and-Structures.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) are all complex and sensitively linked processes that demand considerable human and financial resources to plan, implement and monitor. Given the many different actors involved in the various stages of DDR, and the fact that its phases are interdependent, integrated planning, effective coordination and coherent reporting arrangements are essential. Past experiences have highlighted the need for the various actors involved in planning and implementing DDR, and monitoring its impacts, to work together in a complementary way that avoids unnecessary duplication of effort or competition for funds and other resources. This module provides guidelines for improving inter-agency cooperation in the planning of DDR programmes and operations. The module shows how successful implementation can be achieved through an inclusive process of assessment and analysis that provides the basis for the formulation of a comprehensive programme framework and operational plan. This mechanism is known as the ‘planning cycle’, and originates from both the integrated mission planning process (IMPP) and post-conflict United Nations (UN) country team planning mechanisms.</p>


standardTitle: DDR Programme Design
stamdardNumber: 3.20
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.20-DDR-Programme-Design.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Each programme design cycle, including the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programme design cycle, has three stages: (1) detailed field assessments; (2) detailed programme development and costing of requirements; and (3) development of an implementation plan. Throughout the programme design cycle, it is of the utmost importance to use a flexible approach. While experiencing each stage of the cycle and moving from one stage to the other, it is important to ensure coordination among all the participants and stakeholders involved, especially national stakeholders. A framework that would probably work for integrated DDR programme design is the post­conflict needs assessment (PCNA), which ensures consistency between United Nations (UN) and national objectives, while considering differing approaches to DDR.</p>
  <p>Before the detailed programme design cycle can even begin, a comprehensive field needs assessment should be carried out, focusing on areas such as the country’s social, economic and political context; possible participants, beneficiaries and partners in the DDR programme; the operational environment; and key priority objectives. This assessment helps to establish important aspects such as positive or negative factors that can affect the outcome of the DDR programme, baseline factors for programme design and identification of institutional capacities for carrying out DDR.</p>
  <p>During the second stage of the cycle, key considerations include identifying DDR participants and beneficiaries, as well as performance indicators, such as reintegration opportunities, the security situation, size and organization of the armed forces and groups, socio­economic baselines, the availability and distribution of weapons, etc. Also, methodologies for data collection together with analysis of assessment results (quantitative, qualitative, mass surveys, etc.) need to be decided.</p>
  <p>When developing DDR programme documents, the central content should be informed by strategic objectives and outcomes, key principles of intervention, preconditions and, most importantly, a strategic vision and approach. For example, in determining an overall strategic approach to DDR, the following questions should be asked: (1) How will multiple components of DDR programme design reflect the realities and needs of the situation? (2) How will eligibility criteria for entry in the DDR programme be determined? (3) How will DDR activities be organized into phases and in what order will they take place within the recommended programme time­frame? (4) Which key issues are vital to the implementation of the programme? Defining the overall approach to DDR defines how the DDR programme will, ultimately, be put into operation.</p>
  <p>When developing the results and budgeting framework, an important consideration should be ensuring that the programme that is designed complies with the peacekeeping results­based budgeting framework, and establishing a sequence of stages for the implementation of the programme.</p>
  <p>The final stage of the DDR programme design cycle should include developing planning instruments to aid practitioners (UN, non­UN and government) to implement the activities and strategies that have been planned. When formulating the sequence of stages for the implementation of the programme, particular attention should be paid to coordinated management arrangements, a detailed work plan, timing and methods of implementation.


standardTitle: National Institutions for DDR
stamdardNumber: 3.30
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.30-National-Institutions-for-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <h3>Summary</h3>
  <p>Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programmes have increasingly relied on national institutions to ensure their success and sustainability. This module discusses three main issues related to national institutions:</p>
  <p>1. mandates and legal frameworks;<br />
  2. structures and functions; and<br />
  3. coordination with international DDR structures and processes.</p>
  <p>The mandates and legal frameworks of national institutions will vary according to the nature of the DDR programme, the approach that is adopted, the division of responsibilities with international partners and the administrative structures found in the country. It is important to ensure that national and international mandates for DDR are clear and coherent, and that a clear division of labour is established. Mandates and basic principles, institutional mechanisms, time-frames and eligibility criteria should be defined in the peace accord, and national authorities should establish the appropriate framework for DDR through legislation, decrees or executive orders.</p>
  <p>The structures of national institutions will also vary depending on the political and institutional context in which they are created. They should nevertheless reflect the security, social and economic dimensions of the DDR process in question by including broad representation across a number of government ministries, civil society organizations and the private sector.</p>
  <p>In addition, national institutions should adequately function at three different levels:</p>
  <p>the policy/strategic level through the establishment of a national commission on DDR;</p>
  <p>the planning and technical levels through the creation of a national technical planning and coordination body;</p>
  <p>and the implementation/operational level through a joint implementation unit and field/ regional offices.</p>
  <p>There will be generally a range of national and international partners engaged in implementation of different components of the national DDR programme.</p>
  <p>Coordination with international DDR structures and processes should be also ensured at the policy, planning and operational levels. The success and sustainability of a DDR programme depend on the ability of international expertise to complement and support a nationally led process. A UN strategy in support of DDR should therefore take into account not only the context in which DDR takes place, but also the existing capacity of national and local actors to develop, manage and implement DDR.</p>
  <p>Areas of support for national institutions are: institutional capacity development; legal frameworks; policy, planning and implementation; financial management; material and logistic assistance; training for national staff; and community development and empowerment.</p>


standardTitle: Mission and Programme Support for DDR
stamdardNumber: 3.40
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.40-Mission-and-Programme-Support-for-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The base of a well-functioning integrated disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programme is the strength of its logistic, financial and administrative performance. If the multifunctional support capabilities, both within and outside peacekeeping missions, operate efficiently, then planning and delivery of logistic support to a DDR programme are more effective.</p>
  <p>The three central components of DDR logistic requirements include: equipment and services; finance and budgeting; and personnel. Depending on the DDR programme in question, many support services might be necessary in the area of equipment and services, e.g. living and working accommodation, communications, air transport, etc. Details regarding finance and budgeting, and personnel logistics for an integrated DDR unit are described in IDDRS 3.41 and 3.42.</p>
  <p>Logistic support in a peacekeeping mission provides a number of options. Within an integrated mission support structure, logistic support is available for civilian staffing, finances and a range of elements such as transportation, medical services and information technology. In a multidimensional operation, DDR is just one of the components requiring specific logistic needs. Some of the other components may include military and civilian headquarters staff and their functions, or military observers and their activities.</p>
  <p>When the DDR unit of a mission states its logistic requirements, the delivery of the supplies/services requested all depends on the quality of information provided to logistics planners by DDR managers. Some of the important information DDR managers need to provide to logistics planners well ahead of time are the estimated total number of ex-combatants, broken down by sex, age, disability or illness, parties/groups and locations/sectors. Also, a time-line of the DDR programme is especially helpful.</p>
  <p>DDR managers must also be aware of long lead times for acquisition of services and materials, as procurement tends to slow down the process. It is also recommended that a list of priority equipment and services, which can be funded by voluntary contributions, is made. Each category of logistic resources (civilian, commercial, military) has distinct advantages and disadvantages, which are largely dependent upon how hostile the operating environment is and the cost.</p>


standardTitle: Finance and Budgeting
stamdardNumber: 3.41
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.41-Finance-and-Budgeting.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The system of funding of a disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programme varies according to the different involvement of international actors. When the World Bank (with its Multi-Donor Trustfund) plays a leading role in supporting a national DDR programme, funding is normally provided for all demobilization and reintegration activities, while additional World Bank International Development Association (IDA) loans are also provided. In these instances, funding comes from a single source and is largely guaranteed.</p>
  <p>In instances where the United Nations (UN) takes the lead, several sources of funding may be brought together to support a national DDR programme. Funds may include contributions from the peacekeeping assessed budget; core funding from the budgets of UN agencies, funds and programmes; voluntary contributions from donors to a UN-managed trust fund; bilateral support from a Member State to the national programme; and contributions from the World Bank.</p>
  <p>In a peacekeeping context, funding may come from some or all of the above funding sources. In this situation, a good understanding of the policies and procedures governing the employment and management of financial support from these different sources is vital to the success of the DDR programme.</p>
  <p>Since several international actors are involved, it is important to be aware of important DDR funding requirements, resource mobilization options, funding mechanisms and financial management structures for DDR programming. Within DDR funding requirements, for example, creating an integrated DDR plan, investing heavily in the reintegration phase and increasing accountability by using the results-based budgeting (RBB) process can contri­bute to the success and long-term sustainability of a DDR programme.</p>
  <p>When budgeting for DDR programmes, being aware of the various funding sources available is especially helpful. The peacekeeping assessed budget process, which covers military, personnel and operational costs, is vital to DDR programming within the UN peacekeeping context. Both in and outside the UN system, rapid response funds are available. External sources of funding include voluntary donor contributions, the World Bank PostConflict Fund, the Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Programme (MDRP), government grants and agency in-kind contributions.</p>
  <p>Once funds have been committed to DDR programmes, there are different funding mechanisms that can be used and various financial management structures for DDR programmes that can be created. Suitable to an integrated DDR plan is the Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP), which is the normal UN inter-agency planning, coordination and resource mobilization mechanism for the response to a crisis. Transitional appeals, Post-Conflict Needs Assessments (PCNAs) and international donors’ conferences usually involve governments and are applicable to the conflict phase. In the case of RBB, programme budgeting that is defined by clear objectives, indicators of achievement, outputs and influence of external factors helps to make funds more sustainable. Effective financial management structures for DDR programmes are based on a coherent system for ensuring flexible and sustainable financing for DDR activities. Such a coherent structure is guided by, among other factors, a coordinated arrangement for the funding of DDR activities and an agreed framework for joint DDR coordination, monitoring and evaluation.</p>


standardTitle: Personnel and Staffing
stamdardNumber: 3.42
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.42-Personnel-and-Staffing.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Creating an effective disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) unit requires paying careful attention to a set of multidimensional components and principles. The main components of an integrated DDR unit are: political and programme management; overall DDR planning and coordination; monitoring and evaluation; public information and sensi­tization; administrative and financial management; and setting up and running regional DDR offices. Each of these components has specific requirements for appropriate and welltrained personnel.</p>
  <p>As the process of DDR includes numerous cross-cutting issues, personnel in an integrated DDR unit include individuals from varying work sectors and specialities. Therefore, the selection and maintenance of integrated DDR unit personnel, based on a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), is defined by the following principles: joint management of the DDR unit (in this case, management by a peacekeeping mission chief and UNDP chief); secondment of an administrative and finance cell by UNDP; secondment of staff from other United Nations (UN) entities assisted by project support staff to fulfil the range of needs for an integrated DDR unit; and, finally, continuous links with other parts of the peacekeeping mission for the development of a joint DDR planning and programming approach.</p>


standardTitle: Monitoring and Evaluation
stamdardNumber: 3.50
standardPath: 3/IDDRS-3.50-Monitoring-and-Evaluation-of-DDR-Programmes.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Monitoring and evaluation (M&amp;E) has been one of the weakest areas of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programme management in the past, partly due to a lack of proper planning, a standardized M&amp;E framework, and human and financial resources specifically dedicated to M&amp;E. Past experiences have highlighted the need for more effective M&amp;E in order to develop an effective, efficient and sustainable DDR programme that will achieve the objectives of improving stability and security. M&amp;E is an essential management tool and provides a chance to track progress, improve activities, objectively verify the outcomes and impact of a programme, and learn lessons that can be fed into future programmes and policies. This module outlines standards for improving inter-agency cooperation in designing and conducting effective M&amp;E. It further shows how M&amp;E can be planned and implemented effectively through a creation of a DDRspecific M&amp;E work plan, which consists of a plan for data collection, data analysis and reporting. It also provides some generic M&amp;E indicators within a results-management framework, which can be modified and adapted to each programme and project.</p>


standardTitle: Disarmament
stamdardNumber: 4.10
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.10-Disarmament.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Disarmament is the act of reducing or eliminating access to weapons. It is usually regarded as the first step in a DDR programme. This voluntary handover of weapons, ammunition and explosives is a highly symbolic act in sealing the end of armed conflict, and in concluding an individual’s active role as a combatant. Disarmament is also essential to developing and maintaining a secure environment in which demobilization and reintegration can take place and can play an important role in crime prevention.</p>
  <p>Disarmament operations are increasingly implemented in contexts characterized by acute armed violence, complex and varied armed forces and groups, and the prevalence of a wide range of weaponry and explosives.</p>
  <p>This module provides the guidance necessary to effectively plan and implement disarmament operations within DDR programmes and to ensure that these operations contribute to the establishment of an environment conducive to inclusive political transition and sustainable peace.</p>
  <p>The disarmament component of a DDR programme is usually broken down into four main phases: (1) operational planning, (2) weapons collection operations, (3) stockpile management, and (4) disposal of collected materiel. This module provides technical and programmatic guidance for each phase to ensure that activities are evidence-based, coherent, effective, gender-responsive and as safe as possible.</p>
  <p>The handling of weapons, ammunition and explosives comes with significant risks. Therefore, the guidance provided within this module is based on the Modular Small-Arms Control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC)1 and the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).2 Additional documents containing norms, standards and guidelines relevant to this module can be found in Annex B.</p>
  <p>Disarmament operations must take the regional and sub-regional context into consideration, as<br />well as applicable legal frameworks. All disarmament operations must also be designed and implemented in an inclusive and gender responsive manner. Disarmament carried out within a DDR programme is only one aspect of broader DDR arms control activities and of the national arms control management system (see IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management). DDR programmes should therefore be designed to reinforce security nationwide and be planned in coordination with wider peacebuilding and recovery efforts.</p>


standardTitle: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
stamdardNumber: 4.11
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.11-Transitional-Weapons-and-Ammunition-Management.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>DDR practitioners increasingly operate in contexts with fragmented but well-equipped armed groups and acute levels of proliferation of illicit weapons, ammunition and explosives. In settings where armed conflict is ongoing and peace agreements have been neither signed nor implemented, disarmament as part of a DDR programme may not be the most suitable approach to control the circulation of weapons, ammunition and explosives because armed groups may be reluctant to disarm without strong security guarantees (see IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament). Instead, these contexts require the design and implementation of innovative DDR-related tools, such as transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM).</p>
  <p>When implemented as part of a DDR process (either with or without a DDR programme), transitional WAM has two primary aims: to reduce the capacity of individuals and groups to engage in armed conflict, and to reduce accidents and save lives by addressing the immediate risks related to the illicit possession of weapons, ammunition and explosives. By supporting better arms control and preventing the diversion of weapons, ammunition and explosives to unauthorized end users, transitional WAM can be a strong component of the sustaining peace approach and contribute to preventing the outbreak, escalation, continuation and recurrence of conflict (see IDDRS 2.40 on Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace). In settings where a peace agreement has been signed and the necessary preconditions for a DDR programme are in place, transitional WAM can also be used before, during and after DDR programmes as a complementary measure (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR).</p>


standardTitle: Demobilization
stamdardNumber: 4.20
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.20-Demobilization.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Demobilization occurs when members of armed forces and groups transition from military to civilian life. It is the second step of a DDR programme and part of the demilitarization efforts of a society emerging from conflict. Demobilization operations shall be designed for combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. Female combatants and women associated with armed forces and groups have traditionally faced obstacles to entering DDR programmes, so particular attention should be given to facilitating their access to reinsertion and reintegration support. Victims, dependants and community members do not participate in demobilization activities. However, where dependants have accompanied armed forces or groups, provisions may be made for them during demobilization, including for their accommodation or transportation to their communities. All demobilization operations shall be gender and age sensitive, nationally and locally owned, context specific and conflict sensitive.</p>
  <p>Demobilization must be meticulously planned. Demobilization operations should be preceded by an in-depth assessment of the location, number and type of individuals who are expected to demobilize, as well as their immediate needs. A risk and security assessment, to identify threats to the DDR programme, should also be conducted. Under the leadership of national authorities, rigorous, unambiguous and transparent eligibility criteria should be established, and decisions should be made on the number, type (semi-permanent or temporary) and location of demobilization sites.</p>
  <p>During demobilization, potential DDR participants should be screened to ascertain if they are eligible. Mechanisms to verify eligibility should be led or conducted with the close engagement of the national authorities. Verification can include questions concerning the location of specific battles and military bases, and the names of senior group members. If DDR participants are found to have committed, or there is a clear and reasonable indication that a DDR participant knowingly committed war crimes, crimes against humanity, terrorist acts or offences1 and/or genocide, they shall be removed from the DDR programme. Once eligibility has been established, basic registration data (name, age, contact information, etc.) should be entered into a case management system.</p>
  <p>Individuals who demobilize should also be provided with orientation briefings, physical and psychosocial health screenings and information that will support their return to the community. A discharge document, such as a demobilization declaration or certificate, should be given to former members of armed forces and groups as proof of their demobilization. During demobilization, DDR practitioners should also conduct a profiling exercise to identify obstacles that may prevent those eligible from full participation in the DDR programme, as well as the specific needs and ambitions of the demobilized. This information should be used to inform planning for reinsertion and/or reintegration support.</p>
  <p>If reinsertion assistance is foreseen as the second stage of the demobilization operation, DDR practitioners should also determine an appropriate transfer modality (cash-based transfers, commodity vouchers, in-kind support and/or public works programmes). As much as possible, reinsertion assistance should be designed to pave the way for subsequent reintegration support.</p>


standardTitle: Reintegration
stamdardNumber: 4.30
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.30-Reintegration.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Successful reintegration is a particular complex part of DDR. Ex-combatants and those previously associated with armed forces and groups are finally cut loose from structures and processes that are familiar to them. In some contexts, they re-enter societies that may be equally unfamiliar and that have often been significantly transformed by conflict.</p>
  <p>A key challenge that faces former combatants and associated groups is that it may be impossible for them to reintegrate in the area of origin. Their limited skills may have more relevance and market-value in urban settings, which are also likely to be unable to absorb them. In the worst cases, places from which ex-combatants came may no longer exist after a war, or ex- combatants may have been with armed forces and groups that committed atrocities in or near their own communities and may not be able to return home.</p>
  <p>Family and community support is essential for the successful reintegration of ex-combatants and associated groups, but their presence may make worse the real or perceived vulnerability of local populations, which have neither the capacity nor the desire to assist a ‘lost generation’ with little education, employment or training, war trauma, and a high militarized view of the world. Unsupported former combatants can be a major threat to the security of communities because of their lack of skills or assets and their tendency to rely on violence to get what they want.</p>
  <p>Ex-combatants and associated groups will usually need specifically designed, sustainable support to help them with their transition from military to civilian life. Yet the United Nations (UN) must also ensure that such support does not mean that other war-affected groups are treated unfairly or resentment is caused within the wider community. The reintegration of ex-combatants and associated groups must therefore be part of wider recovery strategies for all war-affected populations. Reintegration programmes should aim to build local and national capacities to manage the process in the long-term, as reintegration increasingly turns into reconstruction and development.</p>
  <p>This module recognizes that reintegration challenges are multidimensional, ranging from creating micro-enterprises and providing education and training, through to preparing receiving communities for the return of ex-combatants and associated groups, dealing with the psychosocial effects of war, ensuring ex-combatants also enjoy their civil and political rights, and meeting the specific needs of different groups.</p>


standardTitle: UN Military Roles and Responsibilities
stamdardNumber: 4.40
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.40-UN-Military-Roles-and-Responsibilities.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Military personnel possess a wide range of skills and capacities that can contribute to DDR processes in mission and non-mission settings. As outlined in IDDRS 2.10 on the UN Approach to DDR, mission settings are those situations in which peace operations are deployed through peacekeeping operations, political missions and good offices engagements, by the UN or a regional organization. Non-mission settings are those where no peace operation is deployed, either through a peacekeeping operation, political missions or good offices engagements.</p>
  <p>When DDR is implemented in mission settings with a UN peacekeeping operation, the primary role of the military component should be to provide a secure environment and to observe, monitor and report on security-related issues. This role may include the provision of security to DDR programmes and to DDR-related tools, including pre-DDR. In addition to providing security, military components in mission settings may also provide technical support to disarmament, transitional weapons and ammunition management, and the establishment and maintenance of transitional security arrangements (see IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament, IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management, and IDDRS 2.20 on The Politics of DDR).</p>
  <p>To ensure the successful employment of a military component within a mission setting, DDR tasks must be included in endorsed mission operational requirements, include a gender perspective and be specifically mandated and properly resourced. Without the requisite planning and coordination, military logistical capacity cannot be guaranteed.</p>
  <p>UN military contingents are often absent from special political missions (SPMs) and non-mission settings. In SPMs, UN military personnel will more often consist of military observers (MILOBs) and military advisers.1 These personnel may be able to provide technical advice on a range of security issues in support of DDR processes. They may also be required to build relationships with non-UN military forces mandated to support DDR processes, including national armed forces and regionally-led peace support operations.</p>
  <p>In non-mission settings, UN or regionally-led peace operations with military components are absent. Instead, national and international military personnel can be mandated to support DDR processes either as part of national armed forces or as part of joint military teams formed through bilateral military cooperation. The roles and responsibilities of these military personnel may be similar to those played by UN military personnel in mission settings.</p>


standardTitle: UN Police Roles and Responsibilities
stamdardNumber: 4.50
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.50-Police-Roles-and-Responsibilities.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Police personnel possess a wide range of skills and capacities that can contribute to DDR processes in mission and non-mission settings. As outlined in IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR, mission settings are those situations in which peace operations are deployed through peacekeeping operations, political missions and good offices engagements, by the UN or a regional organization. Non-mission settings are those where no peace operation is deployed, either through a peacekeeping operation, political missions or good offices engagements.</p>
  <p>In mission settings, the mandate granted by the UN Security Council will dictate the type and extent of UN police involvement in a DDR process. Dependent on the situation on the ground, this mandate can range from monitoring and advisory functions to full policing responsibilities. In mission settings with a peacekeeping operation, the UN police component will typically consist of individual police officers, formed police units and specialized police teams. In special political missions, formed police units will typically not be present, and the UN police presence may consist of senior advisers.</p>
  <p>In non-mission settings there is no UN Security Council mandate. Therefore, the type and extent of UN or international police involvement in a DDR process will be determined by the nature of the request received from a national Government or by bilateral cooperation agreements. An international police presence in a non-mission setting (whether UN or otherwise) will typically consist of advisers, mentors, trainers and/or policing experts, complemented where necessary by a specialized police team.</p>
  <p>When supporting DDR processes, police personnel may conduct several general tasks, including the provision of advice, support to coordination, monitoring and building public confidence. Police personnel may also conduct more specific tasks related to the particular type of DDR process that is underway. For example, as part of a DDR programme, police personnel at disarmament and demobilization sites can facilitate weapons tracing and the dynamic surveillance of weapons and ammunition storage sites. Police personnel may also support the implementation of different DDRrelated tools (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR). For example, police may support DDR practitioners who are engaged in the mediation of local peace agreements by orienting these individuals, and broader negotiating teams, to entry points in the community. Community-oriented policing practices and community violence reduction (CVR) programmes can also be mutually reinforcing (see IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction).</p>
  <p>Finally, when DDR processes are linked to security sector reform (SSR), UN police personnel have an important role to play in the reform of State police and law enforcement institutions and can positively contribute to the establishment and furtherance of professional standards and codes of conduct of policing.</p>


standardTitle: Public Information and Strategic Communications in Support of DDR
stamdardNumber: 4.60
standardPath: 4/IDDRS-4.60-Public-Information-and-Strategic-Communication.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Public information and strategic communication (PI/SC) are key support activities that are instrumental in the overall success of DDR processes. Public information is used to inform DDR participants, beneficiaries and other stakeholders of the process, while strategic communication influences attitudes towards DDR. If successful, PI/SC strategies will secure buy-in to the DDR process by outlining what DDR consists of and encouraging individuals to take part, as well as contribute to changing attitudes and behaviour.</p>
  <p>A DDR process should always be accompanied by a clearly articulated PI/SC strategy. As DDR does not occur in a vacuum, the design, dissemination and planning of PI/SC interventions should be an iterative process that occurs at all stages of the DDR process. PI/SC interventions should be continuously updated to be relevant to political and operational realities, including public sentiment about DDR and the wider international effort to which DDR contributes. It is crucial that DDR is framed and communicated carefully, taking into account the varying informational requirements of different stakeholders and the various grievances, perceptions, culture, biases and political perspectives of DDR participants, beneficiaries and communities.</p>
  <p>An effective PI/SC strategy should have clear overall objectives based on a careful assessment of the context in which DDR will take place. There are four principal objectives of PI/SC: (i) to inform by providing accurate information about the DDR process; (ii) to mitigate the potential negative impact of inaccurate and deceptive information that may hamper the success of DDR and wider peace efforts; (iii) to sensitize members of armed forces and groups to the DDR process; and (iv) to transform attitudes in communities in such a way that is conducive to DDR. PI/SC should make an important contribution towards creating a climate of peace and security, as well as promote gender-equitable norms and non-violent forms of masculinities. DDR practitioners should support their national counterparts (national Government and local authorities) to define these objectives so that activities related to PI/SC can be conducted while planning for the wider DDR process is ongoing. PI/SC as part of a DDR process should (i) be based on a sound analysis of the context, conflict and motivations of the many different groups at which these activities are directed; (ii) make use of the best and most trusted local methods of communication; and (iii) ensure that PI/SC materials and messages are pretested on a local audience and subsequently closely monitored and evaluated.</p>


standardTitle: Women, Gender and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.10
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.10-Women-Gender-and-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Women are increasingly involved in combat or are associated with armed groups and forces in other roles, work as community peace-builders, and play essential roles in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes. Yet they are almost never included in the planning or implementation of DDR. Since 2000, the United Nations (UN) and all other agencies involved in DDR and other post-conflict reconstruction activities have been in a better position to change this state of affairs by using Security Council resolution 1325, which sets out a clear and practical agenda for measuring the advancement of women in all aspects of peace-building. The resolution begins with the recognition that women’s visibility, both in national and regional instruments and in bi- and multilateral organizations, is vital. It goes on to call for gender awareness in all aspects of peacekeeping initiatives, especially demobilization and reintegration, urges women’s informed and active participation in disarmament exercises, and insists on the right of women to carry out their post-conflict reconstruction activities in an environment free from threat, especially of sexualized violence.</p>
  <p>Even when they are not involved with armed forces and groups themselves, women are strongly affected by decisions made during the demobilization of men. Furthermore, it is impossible to tackle the problems of women’s political, social and economic marginalization or the high levels of violence against women in conflict and post-conflict zones without paying attention to how men’s experiences and expectations also shape gender relations. This module therefore includes some ideas about how to design DDR processes for men in such a way that they will learn to resolve interpersonal conflicts without using violence to do so, which will increase the security of their families and broader communities.</p>
  <p>Special note is also made of girl soldiers in this module, because in some parts of the world, a girl who bears a child, no matter how young she is, immediately gains the status of a woman. Care should therefore be taken to understand local interpretations of who is seen as a girl and who a woman soldier.</p>
  <p>Peace-building, especially in the form of practical disarmament, needs to continue for a long time after formal demobilization and reintegration processes come to an end. This module is therefore intended to assist planners in designing and implementing gendersensitive short-term goals, and to help in the planning of future-oriented long-term peace support measures. It focuses on practical ways in which both women and girls, and men and boys can be included in the processes of disarmament and demobilization, and be recognized and supported in the roles they play in reintegration.</p>
  <p>The processes of DDR take place in such a wide variety of conditions that it would be impossible to discuss each of the circumstance-specific challenges that might arise. This module raises issues that frequently disappear in the planning stages of DDR, and aims to provoke further thinking and debate on the best ways to deal with the varied needs of people — male and female, old and young, healthy and unwell — in armed groups and forces, and those of the communities to which they return after war.</p>


standardTitle: Children and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.20
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.20-Children-and-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The recruitment of children – girls and boys under the age of 18 – and their use in hostilities or for other purposes by armed forces and groups is illegal. It is also one of the worst forms of child labour and exploitation. Efforts to prevent the recruitment of children into armed forces and groups should be a primary consideration during all DDR processes. Prevention efforts should start early—when possible, they should commence prior to armed conflict—and they should take place continuously throughout the conflict, with careful consideration given to the structural, social and individual factors associated with the risk of recruitment and re-recruitment.</p>
  <p>Irrespective of how children were recruited, the unconditional and immediate release of children associated with armed forces and groups (CAAFAG) shall be required. Any person under 18 years old must be supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities at all times, irrespective of the status of peace negotiations and/or the development of DDR processes. Nonetheless, where relevant, peace processes, including peace agreements and DDR policy documents, offer an opportunity to highlight the needs of children affected by armed conflict and to ensure that actions and funding streams to support child-specific processes are included. The commitment to stop the recruitment and use of children and to release children from armed forces and groups shall be explicit within peace agreements.</p>
  <p>DRR processes shall be specific to the needs of children and apply child-sensitive and gendertransformative approaches to planning, implementation, and monitoring. As such, children shall be separated from armed forces and groups, handed over to child protection actors and supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities. DDR practitioners and relevant child protection actors shall work together to design and implement services and interventions that aim to prevent children’s recruitment and re-recruitment, that help children to recover and reintegrate into their communities, and that take into account differences in age and gender needs. DDR practitioners should promote agency of children, enabling their right to participate in decisionmaking and shape DDR processes in line with their concerns/needs.</p>
  <p>The specific needs of children formerly associated with armed forces and groups during reintegration are multisectoral, as boys and girls often require support in (re)accessing education, an alternative livelihood, medical and mental health services, including reproductive health services and sexual violence recovery services, as well as other services that promote life skills and help them establish a meaningful role in society. Child-sensitive approaches to reintegration support should be focused on long-term and sustainable opportunities for children formerly associated with armed forces and groups that are gender- and age-sensitive. For sustainability, and to avoid tension, stigmatization or envy when a child is returned, DDR practitioners should ensure that broader community development processes are also considered.</p>
  <p>DDR practitioners should also be aware that no child below the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) should be investigated, prosecuted, or deprived of their liberty for any offence, including security and terrorism-related offences, in line with the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Committee on the Rights of the Child encourages States to increase the MACR where possible, and not to lower it below 14 years of age, 2 commending States that set a higher MACR such as 15 or 16 years of age. Children, above the age of criminal responsibility, who are suspected of committing a serious crime, shall be handed over to civilian actors, and justice should be provided within juvenile justice frameworks. During all processes they shall be treated primarily as victims and as survivors of grave violations of their rights. Any investigation or determination of culpability shall be handled by trained civilian actors, including, where relevant, trained juvenile justice actors and made based on processes consistent with applicable international child rights standards, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and internationally recognized juvenile justice standards and principles, due process and fair trial standards, prioritizing the child’s recovery, reintegration, and best interests in all decisions. </p>


standardTitle: Youth and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.30
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.30-Youth-and-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>DDR processes are often conducted in contexts where the majority of combatants and fighters are youth, an age group defined by the United Nations (UN) as those between 15 and 24 years of age. If DDR processes cater only to younger children and mature adults, the specific needs and experiences of youth may be missed. DDR practitioners shall promote the participation, recovery and sustainable reintegration of youth, as failure to consider their needs and opinions can undermine their rights, their agency and, ultimately, peace processes.</p>
  <p><span>In countries affected by conflict, youth are a force for positive change, while at the same time, some young people may be vulnerable to being drawn into conflict. To provide a safe and inclusive space for youth, manage the expectations of youth in DDR processes and direct their energies positively, DDR practitioners shall support youth in developing the necessary knowledge and skills to thrive and promote an enabling environment where young people can more systematically have influence upon their own lives and societies. </span>The reintegration of youth is particularly complex due to a mix of underlying economic, social, political, and/or personal factors often driving the recruitment of youth into armed forces or groups. This may include social and political marginalization, protracted displacement, other forms of social exclusion, or grievances against the State. DDR practitioners shall therefore pay special attention to promoting significant participation and representation of youth in all DDR processes, so that reintegration support is sensitive to the rights, aspirations, and perspectives of youth. <span>Their reintegration may also be more complex, as they may have become associated with an armed forces or group during formative years of brain development and social conditioning.  </span>Whenever possible, reintegration planning for youth should be linked to national reconciliation strategies, socio­economic reconstruction plans, and youth development policies.</p>
  <p>The specific needs of youth transitioning to civilian life are diverse, as youth often require gender responsive services to address social, acute and/or chronic medical and psychosocial support needs resulting from the conflict. Youth may face greater levels of societal pressure and responsibility, and as such, be expected to work, support family, and take on leadership roles in their communities. Recognizing this, as well as the need for youth to have the ability to resolve conflict in non-violent ways, DDR practitioners shall invest in and mainstream life skills development across all components of reintegration programming.</p>
  <p>As youth may have missed out on education or may have limited employable skills to enable them to provide for their families and contribute to their communities, complementary programming is required to promote educational and employment opportunities that are sensitive to their needs and challenges. This may include support to access formal education, accelerated learning curricula, or market-driven vocational training coupled with apprenticeships or ‘on-the-job’ (OTJ) training to develop employable skills. Youth should also be supported with employment services ranging from employment counselling, career guidance and information on the labour market to help youth identify opportunities for learning and work and navigate the complex barriers they may face when entering the labour market. Given the severe competition often seen in post-conflict labour markets, DDR processes should support opportunities for youth entrepreneurship, business training, and access to microfinance to equip youth with practical skills and capital to start and manage small businesses or cooperatives and should consider the long-term impact of educational deprivation on their employment opportunities.</p>
  <p>It is critical that youth have a structured platform to have their voices heard by decision-makers, often comprised of the elder generation. Where possible DDR practitioners should look for opportunities to include the perspective of youth in local and national peace processes. DDR practitioners should ensure that youth play a central role in the planning, design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of Community Violence Reduction (CVR) programmes and transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management (WAM) measures.</p>


standardTitle: Cross-border Population Movements
stamdardNumber: 5.40
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.40-Cross-border-Population-Movements.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>This module offers advice to policy makers and operational staff of agencies dealing with combatants and associated civilians moving across international borders on how to work closely together to establish regional strategies for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes.</p>
  <p>Armed conflicts are increasingly characterized by ‘mixed population movements’ of combatants and civilians moving across international borders, as well as lines of conflict spilling over and across State boundaries. Because many previous DDR programmes lacked a regional dimension that took this reality into account, the ‘recycling’ of combatants from conflict to conflict within a region and even beyond has become an increasing problem. However, combatants are not the only people who are highly mobile in times of complex emergency. Given that the majority of people fleeing across borders are civilians seeking asylum, it remains vital for the civilian and humanitarian character of asylum to be preserved by host States, with the support of the international community. Combatants must therefore be separated from civilians in order to maintain States’ internal and external security and to safeguard asylum for refugees, as well as to find appropriate long-lasting ways of assisting the various population groups concerned, in accordance with international law standards.</p>


standardTitle: Food Assistance in DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.50
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.50-Food-Assistance-in-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Acute food insecurity can be a trigger or root cause of armed conflict. Furthermore, armed conflict itself is a major driver of food insecurity. In countries and regions affected by armed conflict, humanitarian food assistance agencies are often already engaged in large-scale life-saving and livelihood support programmes to assist vulnerable and conflict-affected civilian communities, including displaced populations. These same agencies may be asked by a national Government, a peace operation or UN Resident Coordinator (UN RC) to provide food assistance in support of a disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) process.</p>
  <p>Food assistance provided by humanitarian food assistance agencies as part of a DDR process shall adhere to humanitarian principles and the best practices of humanitarian food assistance. Humanitarian agencies shall not provide food assistance to armed personnel at any point in a DDR process and all reasonable precautions and measures shall be taken to ensure that food assistance is not taken or used by combatants or warring factions. When food is provided to armed forces and groups prior to their demobilization, Governments or peacekeeping actors and their cooperating partners, and not humanitarian agencies, shall be responsible for all aspects of the process – from the acquisition of food to its distribution.</p>
  <p>As outlined in IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR, DDR processes can include various combinations of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support. The objectives and means through which food assistance is provided will differ depending on the type of DDR process being supported. For example, during DDR programmes food assistance can be provided at disarmament and/or cantonment sites and as part of a transitional safety net in support of reinsertion and reintegration. Food assistance can also be provided as part of reintegration support either during a DDR programme or when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). In addition, food assistance can be part of pre-DDR and CVR (see IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction).</p>
  <p>Food assistance that is provided in support of a DDR process shall be based on a careful analysis of the food security situation. This shall include an analysis of any potential gender, age or disability barriers to receiving food assistance. The capacities and coping mechanisms of individuals, households and communities shall also be analysed to ensure the appropriateness and effectiveness of the assistance. Food assistance as part of a DDR process shall also be informed by a context/conflict analysis and an analysis of the protection risks that could potentially be created by this assistance. For example, it is important to analyse whether food assistance may inadvertently create or exacerbate household or community tensions.</p>
  <p>Available and flexible resources are necessary in order to respond to the changes and unexpected problems that may arise during DDR processes. A food assistance component of a DDR process should not be implemented unless adequate resources and capacity are in place, including human, financial and logistics resources. If resources are not adequate, a risk analysis must inform decision-making and implementation. Maintaining a well-resourced food assistance pipeline, regardless of the selected transfer modality (in-kind support or cash-based transfers) is essential.</p></p>


standardTitle: HIV/AIDS and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.60
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.60-HIV-AIDS-and-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The United Nations (UN) Security Council and General Assembly have noted that a number of converging factors make conflict and post-conflict settings high risk environments for the spread of HIV, and that there is an elevated risk of infection among uniformed services and ex-combatants. This module outlines the strategies to address HIV/AIDS during disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes, in the interests of the individuals concerned, the sustainability of reintegration efforts and general post-conflict recovery.</p>
  <p>National beneficiaries should provide the lead for HIV/AIDS initiatives, and interventions should be as inclusive as possible, while acknowledging the limitations of DDR HIV/ AIDS programmes. A risk-mapping exercise should include the collection of baseline data on knowledge, attitudes and vulnerability, HIV/AIDS prevalence, and identify existing capacity.</p>
  <p>The basic requirements for HIV/AIDS programmes in DDR are:</p>
  <ul>
  <li>identification and training of HIV focal points within DDR field offices;</li>
  <li>the development of HIV/AIDS awareness material and provision of basic awareness training for target groups, with peer education programmes during the reinsertion and reintegration phases to build capacity. Awareness training can start before demobi­lization, depending on the nature of soldiers’/ex-combatants’ deployment and organi­zational structure;</li>
  <li>the provision of voluntary confidential counselling and testing (VCT) during demobilization and reintegration. An HIV test, with counselling, should be routinely offered (opt-in) as a standard part of medical screening in countries with an HIV prevalence of 5 percent or more. VCT should be provided in all settings throughout the DDR process, building on local services. Undergoing an HIV test, however, should not be a condition for participation in the DDR process, although planners should be aware of any national legislation that may exclude HIV-positive personnel from newly formed military or civil defence forces;</li>
  <li>screening and treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which should be a standard part of health checks for participants;</li>
  <li>the provision of condoms and availability of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) kits during demobilization, reinsertion and reintegration;</li>
  <li>treatment for opportunistic infections and, where feasible, referral for anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment within the national health care system;</li>
  <li>the implementation of HIV/AIDS public information and awareness campaigns to sensitize ‘receiving’ communities, to raise general awareness and to reduce possible stigma and discrimination against returning combatants, including women associated with armed forces and groups, which could undermine reintegration efforts. Planning in communities needs to start in advance of demobilization.</li>
  </ul>
  <p>In instances where the time allotted for a specific phase is very limited or has been reduced, as when there is a shortened cantonment period, it must be understood that the HIV/ AIDS requirements envisaged are not dropped, but will be included in the next DDR phase.</p>


standardTitle: Health and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.70
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.70-Health-and-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>This module is intended to assist operators and managers from other sectors who are involved in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR), as well as health practitioners, to understand how health partners, like the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN) Population Fund (UNFPA), Joint UN Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS), International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and so on, can make their best contribution to the short- and long-term goals of DDR. It provides a framework to support cooperative decision-making for health action rather than technical advice on health care needs. Its intended audiences are generalists who need to be aware of each component of a DDR process, including health actions; and health practitioners who, when called upon to support the DDR process, might need some basic guidance and reference on the subject to help contextualize their technical expertise. Because of its close interconnections with these areas, the module should be read in conjunction with IDDRS 5.60 on HIV/AIDS and DDR and IDDRS 5.50 on Food Aid Programmes in DDR.</p>


standardTitle: Disabilities and DDR
stamdardNumber: 5.80
standardPath: 5/IDDRS-5.80-Disability-Inclusive-DDR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Disability-inclusive DDR requires specific planning and interventions to eliminate barriers to participation and to address the specific needs of persons with disabilities. Disability-inclusive DDR processes shall be led by national and local authorities, in line with national and local policies and strategies and build on existing systems and structures. A DDR process and all forms of support provided for that process shall adhere to humanitarian principles, including non-discrimination on the basis of disability and the best practices of disability-inclusion in humanitarian action. Consistent with the principles of disability-inclusive humanitarian action, the inclusion of persons with disabilities in DDR shall include mainstreaming and targeted interventions.</p>
  <p>Armed conflict relates to disability in two respects. First, it is a cause of disability and, second, it is a complicating factor for persons living with disability who face specific support and protection needs during conflict and its aftermath. Impairments giving rise to disability occur in direct and indirect ways in the context of conflict. Direct impairments arise as a consequence of the immediate physical and psychosocial consequences of violent conflict, such as being hit by a bullet, stepping on a land mine or being raped. Impairment arises also indirectly from conflict, including psychological trauma from witnessing violence, for example, or a lack of basic needs (shelter, adequate clothing, sanitation, water, food, healthcare, etc.) and exposure to the elements. This context shall be borne in mind in the design and implementation of DDR processes.</p>
  <p>Conflict can also serve to amplify existing barriers for persons with disabilities, making it even more challenging to access the benefits of a DDR process. For example, destruction of infrastructure such as roads and the breakdown of social safety nets can result in the exclusion of persons with disabilities. Furthermore, conflict often brings a weakening of community-based organizations and organizations of persons with disabilities (OPDs) may be particularly affected owing to their frequently marginalized status in society.</p>
  <p>The intersectionality of disability and gender can also heighten risk. Women and girls with disabilities face a double stigma, they often experience abuse, social exclusion, and are financially and physically vulnerable. Additionally, women and girls are often caregivers and may take on additional caregiving roles for returning DDR participants with disabilities. Disability-inclusive DDR shall be based on a careful situational analysis of the context. This shall include an analysis of any potential disability as well as age or gender-related barriers to participation in DDR. The capacities and coping mechanisms of individuals, households and communities shall also be analysed to ensure the appropriateness and effectiveness of disability-inclusive assistance. Protection risks that could potentially be created by this assistance shall also be assessed. For example, it is important to analyse whether DDR support to former members of armed forces and groups with disabilities may inadvertently create or exacerbate household or community tensions.</p>


standardTitle: DDR and SSR
stamdardNumber: 6.10
standardPath: 6/IDDRS-6.10-DDR-and-SSR.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The purpose of this module is to provide policy makers, operational planners and officers at field level with background information and guidance on related but distinct sets of activities associated with disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR). The intention is not to set out a blueprint but to build from common principles in order to provide insights that will support the development of synergies as well as preventing harmful contradictions in the design, implementation and sequencing of different elements of DDR and SSR programmes.</p>


standardTitle: DDR and Transitional Justice
stamdardNumber: 6.20
standardPath: 6/IDDRS-6.20-DDR-and-Transitional-Justice.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>This module on DDR and transitional justice aims to contribute to accountable DDR programmes that are based on more systematic and improved coordination between DDR and transitional justice processes, so as to best support the successful transition from conflict to sustainable peace. It is intended to provide a legal framework, guiding principles and options for policymakers and programme planners who are contributing to strategies that aim to minimize tensions and build on opportunities between transitional justice and DDR.</p>
  <p>Coordination between transitional justice and DDR programmes begins with an understanding of how transitional justice and DDR may interact positively in the short-term in ways that, at a minimum, do not hinder their respective objectives of accountability and stability. Coordination between transitional justice and DDR practitioners should, however, aim beyond that. Efforts should be undertaken to constructively connect these two processes in ways that contribute to a stable, just and long-term peace.</p>


standardTitle: DDR and Natural Resource Management
stamdardNumber: 6.30
standardPath: 6/IDDRS-6.30-DDR-and-Natural-Resources.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>The relationship between natural resources and armed conflict is well known and documented, evidenced by numerous examples from all over the world. Natural resources may be implicated all along the peace continuum, from contributing to grievances, to financing armed groups, to supporting livelihoods and recovery via the sound management of natural resources. Furthermore, the economies of countries suffering from armed conflict are often marked by unsustainable or illicit trade in natural resources, thereby tying conflict areas to the rest of the world through global supply chains. For DDR processes to be effective, practitioners should consider both the risks and opportunities that natural resource management may pose to their efforts.</p>
  <p>As part of the war economy, natural resources may be exploited and traded directly by, or through local communities under the auspices of, armed groups, organized criminal groups or members of the security sector, and eventually be placed on national and international markets through trade with multinational companies. This not only reinforces the actors directly implicated in the conflict, but it also undermines the good governance of natural resources needed to support development and sustainable peace. Once conflict is underway, natural resources may be exploited to finance the acquisition of weapons and ammunition and to reinforce the war economy, linking armed groups and even the security sector to international markets and organized criminal groups.</p>
  <p>These dynamics are challenging to address through DDR processes, but are necessary to contend with if sustainable peace is to be achieved. When DDR processes promote good governance practices, transparent policies and community engagement around natural resource management, they can also simultaneously address conflict drivers and the impacts of armed conflict on the environment and host communities. Issues of land rights, equal access to natural resources for livelihoods, equitable distribution of their benefits, and sociocultural disparities may all underpin the drivers of conflict that motivate individuals and groups to take up arms. It is critical that DDR practitioners take these linkages into account to avoid exacerbating existing grievances or creating new conflicts, as well as to effectively use natural resource management to contribute to sustainable peace.</p>
  <p>This module aims to contribute to DDR processes that are grounded in a clear understanding of how natural resource management can contribute to sustainable peace and reduce the likelihood of a resurgence of conflict. It considers how DDR practitioners can integrate youth, women, persons with disabilities and other key specific needs groups when addressing natural resource management in reintegration. It also includes guidance on relevant natural resource management related issues like public health, disaster-risk reduction, resiliency and climate change. With enhanced interagency cooperation, coordination and dialogue among relevant stakeholders working in DDR, natural resource management and governance sectors &#8211; especially national actors &#8211; these linkages can be addressed in a more conscious and deliberate manner for sustainable peace.</p>
  <p>Lastly, this module recognizes that the degree to which natural resources are incorporated into DDR processes will vary based on the political economy of a given context, size, resource availability, partners and capacity. While some contexts may have different agencies or stakeholders with expertise in natural resource management to inform context analyses, assessment processes and subsequent programme design and implementation, DDR processes may also need to rely primarily on external experts and partners. However, limited natural resource management capacities within a DDR process should not discourage practitioners from capitalizing on the opportunities or guidance available, or to seek collaboration and possible programme synergies with other partners that can offer natural resource management expertise. For example, in settings where the UN has no mission presence, such capacity and expertise may also be found within the UN country team, civil society, and/or academia.</p>


standardTitle: DDR and Organized Crime
stamdardNumber: 6.40
standardPath: 6/IDDRS-6.40-DDR-and-Organized-Crime.pdf
paragraph:
  <p>Organized crime and conflict converge in several ways, notably in terms of the actors and motives involved, modes of operating and economic opportunities. Conflict settings – marked by weakened social, economic and security institutions; the delegitimization or absence of State authority; shortages of goods and services for local populations; and emerging war economies –provide opportunities for criminal actors to fill these voids. They also offer an opening for illicit activities, including human, drugs and weapons trafficking, to flourish. At the same time, the profits from criminal activities provide conflict parties and individual combatants with economic and often social and political incentives to carry on fighting. For DDR processes to succeed, DDR practitioners should consider these factors.</p>
  <p>Dealing with the involvement of ex-combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups in organized crime not only requires the promotion of alternative livelihoods and reconciliation, but also the strengthening of national and local capacities. When DDR processes promote good governance practices, transparent policies and community engagement to find alternatives to illicit economies, they can simultaneously address conflict drivers and the impacts of conflict on organized crime, while supporting sustainable economic and social opportunities. Building stronger State institutions and civil service systems can contribute to better governance and respect for the rule of law. Civil services can be strengthened not only through training, but also by improving the salaries and living conditions of those working in the system. It is through the concerted efforts and goodwill of these systems, among other players, that the sustainability of DDR efforts can be realized.</p>
  <p>This module highlights the need for DDR practitioners to translate the recognized linkages between organized crime, conflict and peacebuilding into the design and implementation of DDR processes. It aims to contribute to age- and gender-sensitive DDR processes that are based on a more systematic understanding of organized crime in conflict and post-conflict settings, so as to best support the successful transition from conflict to sustainable peace. Through enhanced cooperation, mapping and dialogue among relevant stakeholders, the linkages between DDR and organized crime interventions can be addressed in a manner that supports DDR in the context of wider recovery, peacebuilding and sustainable development. </p>


# App_searchresults

levelName: Structures and Processes
title: Mission and Programme Support for DDR
color: #00A554
module: 3.41 Mission and Programme Support for DDR
heading1: 6. Budgeting for DDR during programme development
heading2: 6.1. The peacekeeping assessed budget of the UN
heading3: 6.1.1. Elements of budgeting for DDR
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  DISARMAMENT \n Disarmament is the collection, documentation, control and disposal of small arms, ammunition, explosives and light and heavy weapons of combatants and often also of the civilian population. It also includes the development of responsible arms management programmes. \n\n DEMOBILIZATION \n Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups. The first stage of demobilization may comprise the processing of individual combatants in temporary centres to the massing of troops in camps designated for this purpose (cantonment sites, encampments, assembly areas or barracks). The second stage of demobilization encompasses the support package provided to the demobilized, which is called reinsertion. \n\n REINSERTION \n Reinsertion is the assistance offered to ex-combatants during demobilization but prior to the longer-term process of reintegration. Reinsertion is a form of transitional assistance to help cover the basic needs of ex-combatants and their families and can include transitional safety allowances, food, clothes, shelter, medical services, short-term education, training, employment and tools. While reintegration is a long-term, continuous social and economic process of development, reinsertion is a short-term material and/ or financial assistance to meet immediate needs, and can last up to a year. \n\n REINTEGRATION \n Reintegration is the process by which ex-combatants acquire civilian status and gain sustainable employment and income. It is essentially a social and economic process with an open time-frame, primarily taking place in communities at the local level. It is part of the general development of a country and a national responsibility and often necessitates long-term external assistance.

sentence:
  \n\n DEMOBILIZATION \n Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: Summary
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization occurs when members of armed forces and groups transition from military to civilian life. It is the second step of a DDR programme and part of the demilitarization efforts of a society emerging from conflict. Demobilization operations shall be designed for combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. Female combatants and women associated with armed forces and groups have traditionally faced obstacles to entering DDR programmes, so particular attention should be given to facilitating their access to reinsertion and reintegration support. Victims, dependants and community members do not participate in demobilization activities. However, where dependants have accompanied armed forces or groups, provisions may be made for them during demobilization, including for their accommodation or transportation to their communities. All demobilization operations shall be gender and age sensitive, nationally and locally owned, context specific and conflict sensitive.

sentence:
  Demobilization operations shall be designed for combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.4 Risk and security assessment
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  A comprehensive risk and security assessment should be conducted to inform the planning of demobilization operations and identify threats to the DDR programme and its personnel, as well as to participants and beneficiaries. The assessment should identify the tolerable risk (the risk accepted by society in a given context based on current values), and then identify the protective measures necessary to achieve a residual risk (the risk remaining after protective measures have been taken). Risks related to women, youth, children, dependants and other specific-needs groups should also be considered. In developing this ‘safe’ working environment, it must be acknowledged that there can be no absolute safety and that many of the activities carried out during demobilization operations have a high risk associated with them. However, national authorities, international organizations and non-governmental organizations must try to achieve the highest possible levels of safety. Risks during demobilization operations may include: \n Attacks on demobilization site personnel: The personnel who staff demobilization sites may be targeted by armed groups that have not signed on to the peace agreement. \n Attacks on demobilized individuals: In some instances, peace agreements may cause armed groups to fracture, with some parts of the group opting to enter DDR while others continue fighting. In these instances, those who favour continued armed conflict may retaliate against individuals who demobilize. In some cases, active armed groups may approach demobilization sites with the aim of retrieving their former members. If demobilized individuals have already returned home, members of active armed groups may attempt to track these individuals down in order to punish or forcibly re-recruit them. The family members of the demobilized may also be subject to threats and attacks, particularly if they reside in areas where members of their family member’s former group are still present. \n Attacks on women and minority groups: Historically, SGBV against women and minority groups in cantonment sites has been high. It is essential that security and risk assessments take into consideration the specific vulnerabilities of women, identify minority groups who may also be at risk and provide additional security measures to ensure their safety. \n Attacks on individuals transporting and receiving reinsertion support: Security risks are associated with the transportation of cash and commodities that can be easily seized by armed individuals. If it is known that demobilized individuals will receive cash and/or commodities at a certain time and/or place, it may make them targets for robbery. \n Unrest and criminality: If armed groups remain in demobilization sites (particularly cantonment sites) for long periods of time, perhaps because of delays in the DDR programme, these sites may become places of unrest, especially if food and water become scarce. Demobilization delays can lead to mutinies by combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups as they lose trust in the process. This is especially true if demobilizing individuals begin to feel that the State and/or international community is reneging on previous promises. In these circumstances, demobilized individuals may resort to criminality in nearby communities or mount protests against demobilization personnel. \n Recruitment: Armed forces and groups may use the prospect of demobilization (and associated reinsertion benefits) as an incentive to recruit civilians.

sentence:
  Risks during demobilization operations may include: \n Attacks on demobilization site personnel: The personnel who staff demobilization sites may be targeted by armed groups that have not signed on to the peace agreement.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.3 Demobilization sites
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization activities are carried out at designated sites. Static demobilization sites are most typically used for the demobilization of large numbers of combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. They can be semi-permanent and constructed specifically for this purpose, such as cantonment camps (see Annex B for the generic layout of a cantonment camp). Although cantonment was long considered standard practice in DDR programmes, temporary sites may also be appropriate. The decision concerning which type of demobilization site to use should be guided by the specific country context, the security situation, and the advantages and disadvantages associated with semi-permanent and temporary sites, as outlined in the sections that follow.

sentence:
  Static demobilization sites are most typically used for the demobilization of large numbers of combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: Annex B: Sample questions for specific needs analysis in regard to natural resources in DDR
sentence: What is the role of armed groups in this?
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Sample questions for conflict and security analysis: \n Who in the communities/society/government/armed groups benefits from the natural resources that were implicated in the conflict? How do men, women, boys, girls and people with disabilities benefit specifically? \n Who has access to and control over natural resources? What is the role of armed groups in this? \n What trends and changes in natural resources are being affected by climate change, and how is access and control over natural resources impacted by climate change? \n Who has access to and control over land, water and non-extractive resources disaggregated by sex, age, ethnic and/or religion? What is the role of armed groups in this? \n What are the implications for those who do not carry arms (e.g., security and access to control over resources)? \n Who are the most vulnerable people in regard to depletion of natural resources or contamination? \n Who is vulnerable people in terms of safety and security regarding access to natural resources and what are the specific vulnerabilities of men, women, and minorities? \n Which groups face constraints in regard to access to and ownership of capital assets?


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
color: #008DCA
module: 2.40 Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
heading1: 3. Guiding principles
heading2: 3.2 People-centred
heading3: 3.2.1 Criteria for participation/eligibility
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  When there is a DDR programme, eligibility shall be defined within a national DDR programme document. Different groups of those eligible will participate in each component of the DDR programme: combatants and persons associated with armed groups carrying weapons and ammunition shall participate in disarmament. In addition to these groups, all other unarmed individuals considered members of an armed force or group shall participate in demobilization. Reintegration support should be provided not only to ex-combatants, but also to persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups, including women and children among these categories, and, where appropriate, dependants and host community members. When the preconditions for a DDR programme are not present, or when combatants are ineligible to participate in DDR programmes, eligibility for reintegration support shall be decided by relevant national and local authorities, with support, where appropriate, from relevant UN mission entities as well as UN agencies, programmes and funds. Eligibility for reintegration support in such cases should also take into account ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups, including women, and, where appropriate, dependants and host community members. Children associated or formerly associated with armed groups should always be encouraged to participate in DDR processes with no eligibility limitations.

sentence:
  In addition to these groups, all other unarmed individuals considered members of an armed force or group shall participate in demobilization.


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Introduction to the IDDRS
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.10 Introduction to the IDDRS
heading1: 2. What is DDR?
heading2: DEMOBILIZATION
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups. The first stage of demobilization may extend from the processing of individual combatants in temporary centres to the massing of troops in camps designated for this purpose (cantonment sites, encampments, assembly areas or barracks). The second stage of demobilization encompasses the support package provided to the demobilized, which is called reinsertion.

sentence:
  Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups.


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Glossary: Terms and Definitions
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.20 Glossary: Terms and Definitions
heading1: Demobilization (see also ‘Child demobilization’)
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  “Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups. The first stage of demobilization may extend from the processing of individual combatants in temporary centres to the massing of troops in camps designated for this purpose (cantonment sites, encampments, assembly areas or barracks). the second stage of demobilization encompasses the support package provided to the demobilized, which is called reinsertion” (Secretary-General, note to the General Assembly, A/C.5/59/31, May 2005).

sentence:
  “Demobilization is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Youth and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.30 Youth and DDR
heading1: 7. Youth-focused approaches to DDR
heading2: 7.1 DDR programmes
heading3: 7.1.3 Profiling
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Even before disarmament begins, a general profile of the potential participants and beneficiaries of a DDR programme should be developed in order to inform later reintegration programming. The following data should be collected: demographic composition of participants and beneficiaries, education and skills, special needs, areas of return, expectations and security risks. To the extent possible, a random and representative sample should be taken, and the data gathered should be disaggregated by age and gender (see IDDRS 4.30 on Reintegration). During disarmament and demobilization, ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces or groups should be registered and more comprehensive profiling should take place (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). This profiling should be used, at a minimum, to identify obstacles that may prevent youth from full participation in a DDR programme, to identify the specific needs and ambitions of youth, and to devise protective measures for youth. For example, profiling may reveal the need for extended outreach services to families to address trauma, distress, or loss, and increase their ability to support returning youth.

sentence:
  During disarmament and demobilization, ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces or groups should be registered and more comprehensive profiling should take place (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: Summary
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Individuals who demobilize should also be provided with orientation briefings, physical and psychosocial health screenings and information that will support their return to the community. A discharge document, such as a demobilization declaration or certificate, should be given to former members of armed forces and groups as proof of their demobilization. During demobilization, DDR practitioners should also conduct a profiling exercise to identify obstacles that may prevent those eligible from full participation in the DDR programme, as well as the specific needs and ambitions of the demobilized. This information should be used to inform planning for reinsertion and/or reintegration support.

sentence:
  A discharge document, such as a demobilization declaration or certificate, should be given to former members of armed forces and groups as proof of their demobilization.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and natural resources
heading2: 7.2 Demobilization
heading3: 7.2.3 Disposal and management of waste from conflict
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization: Key questions \n - What is the risk (if any) that reinsertion assistance will equip former members of armed forces and groups with skills that can be used to further exploit natural resources or engage in criminal activities? \n - If skills training and catch-up education are provided as part of short-term reinsertion assistance, do they adequately initiate former members of armed forces and groups in the realities of the lawful economic and social environment, including as it pertains to natural resources? \n - What safeguards can be put in place to prevent former members of armed forces and groups from continuing to engage in any illicit or licit exploitation, control over and/or trade in natural resources linked to the conflict? \n - What does demobilization offer that membership in armed forces and groups that are controlling or exploiting natural resources does not? Conversely, what does such membership in armed forces and groups offer that demobilization does not? What are the (perceived) benefits of continued engagement in illicit activities? \n - How does demobilization address the specific needs of certain groups such as women and children who may have been recruited and used and/or been victims of armed forces and groups involved in natural resource exploitation, control or trafficking in conflict?

sentence:
  Conversely, what does such membership in armed forces and groups offer that demobilization does not?


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: The Legal Framework for UN DDR
color: #008DCA
module: 2.11 The Legal Framework for UN DDR
heading1: 4. General guiding principles
heading2: 4.2 Normative legal framework
heading3: 4.2.1 International humanitarian law
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  There are two types of armed conflict under IHL: (1) international armed conflict (an armed conflict between States) and (2) non-international armed conflict (an armed conflict between a State’s armed forces and an organized armed group, or between organized armed groups). Each type of armed conflict is governed by a distinct set of rules, though the differences between the two regimes have diminished as the law governing non-international armed conflict has developed

sentence:
  There are two types of armed conflict under IHL: (1) international armed conflict (an armed conflict between States) and (2) non-international armed conflict (an armed conflict between a State’s armed forces and an organized armed group, or between organized armed groups).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: Summary
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization occurs when members of armed forces and groups transition from military to civilian life. It is the second step of a DDR programme and part of the demilitarization efforts of a society emerging from conflict. Demobilization operations shall be designed for combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. Female combatants and women associated with armed forces and groups have traditionally faced obstacles to entering DDR programmes, so particular attention should be given to facilitating their access to reinsertion and reintegration support. Victims, dependants and community members do not participate in demobilization activities. However, where dependants have accompanied armed forces or groups, provisions may be made for them during demobilization, including for their accommodation or transportation to their communities. All demobilization operations shall be gender and age sensitive, nationally and locally owned, context specific and conflict sensitive.

sentence:
  Demobilization occurs when members of armed forces and groups transition from military to civilian life.


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Glossary: Terms and Definitions
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.20 Glossary: Terms and Definitions
heading1: Child demobilization, release, exit from an armed force or Group
sentence: The term ‘demobilization’ refers to ending a child’s association with armed forces or groups.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  The term ‘demobilization’ refers to ending a child’s association with armed forces or groups. The terms ‘release’ or ‘exit from an armed force or group’ and ‘children coming or exiting from armed forces and groups’ rather than ‘demobilized children’ are preferred.\nChild demobilization/release is very brief and involves removing a child from a military or armed group as swiftly as possible. This action may require official documentation (e.g., issuing a demobilization card or official registration in a database for ex-combatants) to confirm that the child has no military status, although formal documentation must be used carefully so that it does not stigmatize an already-vulnerable child.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Demobilization contributes to the rightsizing of armed forces, the complete disbanding of armed groups, or the disbanding of armed forces and groups with a view to forming new armed forces. It is generally part of the demilitarization efforts of a society emerging from conflict. It is therefore a symbolically important step in the consolidation of peace, particularly within the framework of the implementation of peace agreements.

sentence:
  Demobilization contributes to the rightsizing of armed forces, the complete disbanding of armed groups, or the disbanding of armed forces and groups with a view to forming new armed forces.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: UN Military Roles and Responsibilities
color: #7366A3
module: 4.40 UN Military Roles and Responsibilities
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.2 People-centred
heading3: 4.2.1 Criteria for participation/eligibility
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  When DDR and SSR processes are linked, former members of armed groups shall only be recruited into the reformed security sector if they are thoroughly vetted and meet the designated recruitment criteria. Former members of armed groups shall not be integrated into the national armed forces merely because of their status as a member of an armed group. Children shall not be recruited into the national armed forces and effective age assessment procedures must be in place (see IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR). Former members of armed groups who have been involved in the commission of war crimes or human rights violations shall not be eligible for recruitment into the national armed forces, including when DDR processes are linked to SSR.

sentence:
  Former members of armed groups shall not be integrated into the national armed forces merely because of their status as a member of an armed group.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups may experience challenges related to demobilization and the transition to civilian life. Armed forces and groups are often effective in socializing their members to violence and military ways of life. Training, initiation rituals and hazing are common methods of military socialization. So too are shared experiences of violence and combat. When leaving armed forces and groups, individuals may experience difficulties in shedding their military identity as well as rejection and stigmatization in their communities. Demobilization can mean adjustment to a new role and status, and new routines of family or home life. Persons who demobilize may also experience a loss of purpose, difficulty in creating and sustaining a livelihood, and a loss of military community and friendships.

sentence:
  Combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups may experience challenges related to demobilization and the transition to civilian life.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures
color: #00A554
module: 3.10 Integrated DDR Planning: Processes and Structures
heading1: Annex B: Guide to conducting a DDR technical assessment mission
heading2: Assessing the planning and implementation context
heading3: Socio-economic factors
heading4: Defining specific groups for DDR
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 3caf2d20Demobilization of armed groups
paragraph:
  Potential targets for disarmament include government armed forces, opposition armed groups, civil defence forces, irregular armed groups and armed individuals. These generally include: \n male and female combatants, and those associated with the fighting groups, such as those performing support roles (voluntarily or because they have been forced to) or who have been abducted; \n child (boys and girls) soldiers, and those associated with the armed forces and groups; \n foreign combatants; \n dependants of combatants.

sentence:
  Potential targets for disarmament include government armed forces, opposition armed groups, civil defence forces, irregular armed groups and armed individuals.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Demobilization is the second component of a DDR programme.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  Demobilization is the second component of a DDR programme. DDR programmes require certain preconditions in order to be viable, including the signing of a negotiated ceasefire and/or peace agreement that provides the framework for DDR; trust in the peace process; willingness of the parties to the armed conflict to engage in DDR; and a minimum guarantee of security (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR).


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: Annex B: Sample questions for specific needs analysis in regard to natural resources in DDR
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  Sample questions for demobilization (including reinsertion): \n How do cantonments or other demobilization sites affect local communities’ access to natural resources? \n How are women and men affected differently? \n What are the infrastructure needs of local communities? \n What are the differences of women and men’s priorities? \n In order to act in a manner inclusive of all relevant stakeholders, whose voices should be heard in the process of planning and implementing reinsertion activities with local communities? \n What are the traditional roles of women and men in labour market participation? What are the differences between different age groups? \n Do women or men have cultural roles that affect their participation (e.g. child care roles, cultural beliefs, time poverty)? \n What skills and abilities are required from participants of the planned reinsertion activities? \n Are there groups that require special support to be able to participate in reinsertion activities?

sentence:
  Sample questions for demobilization (including reinsertion): \n How do cantonments or other demobilization sites affect local communities’ access to natural resources?


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Organized Crime
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.40 DDR and Organized Crime
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and organized crime
heading2: 7.2 Demobilization
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: \n What does demobilization offer that organized crime does not?
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  BOX 2: DEMOBILIZATION: KEY QUESTIONS \n What is the risk (if any) that reinsertion assistance will equip former members of armed forces and groups with skills that can be used in criminal activities? \n If skills training and catch-up education are provided as part of short-term reinsertion assistance, do they adequately initiate former members of armed forces and groups into the realities of the lawful economic and social environment? \n What safeguards can be put into place to prevent former members of armed forces and groups from being recruited by criminal actors? \n What does demobilization offer that organized crime does not? Conversely, what does organized crime offer that demobilization does not? What are the (perceived) benefits of continued engagement in illicit activities? \n How does demobilization address the specific needs of certain groups, such as women and children, who may have engaged in and/or been victims of organized crime in conflict?


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.7 Demobilization team structure
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  The demobilization team is responsible for implementing all operational procedures for demobilization and should be trained in the use of the abovementioned SOPs. The demobilization team should include a gender-balanced composition of: \n DDR practitioners; \n Representatives from the national DDR commission (and potentially other national institutions); \n Child protection officers; \n Gender specialists; and \n Youth specialists.

sentence:
  The demobilization team is responsible for implementing all operational procedures for demobilization and should be trained in the use of the abovementioned SOPs.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: HIV/AIDS and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.60 HIV-AIDS and DDRAIDS and DDR
heading1: 1. Module scope and objectives
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: It focuses on interventions during the demobilization and reintegration phases.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  This module aims to provide policy makers, operational planners and DDR officers with guidance on how to plan and implement HIV/AIDS programmes as part of a DDR frame- work. It focuses on interventions during the demobilization and reintegration phases. A basic assumption is that broader HIV/AIDS programmes at the community level fall outside the planning requirements of DDR officers. Community programmes require a multisectoral approach and should be sustainable after DDR is completed. The need to integrate HIV/ AIDS in community-based demobilization and reintegration efforts, however, can make this distinction unclear, and therefore it is vital that the national and international part- ners responsible for longer-term HIV/AIDS programmes are involved and have a lead role in DDR initiatives from the outset, and that HIV/AIDS is included in national recon- struction. DDR programmes need to integrate HIV concerns and the planning of national HIV strategies need to consider DDR.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Organized Crime
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.40 DDR and Organized Crime
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and organized crime
heading2: 7.2 Demobilization
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: For further information, see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  Continued engagement in organized criminal activities can serve not only to further war efforts, but may also offer former members of armed forces and groups a stable livelihood that they otherwise would not have. In some cases, the economic opportunities and rewards available through violent predation and/or patronage networks might exceed those expected through the DDR programme. Therefore, it is important that the short-term reinsertion support on offer is linked to long-term prospects for a sustainable livelihood and is sufficient to fight the perceived short-term ‘benefits’ from engagement in illicit activities. For further information, see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.3 Demobilization sites
heading3: 5.3.2 Temporary demobilization sites
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  BOX 3: WHICH TYPE OF DEMOBILIZATION SITE \n\n When choosing which type of demobilization site is most appropriate, DDR practitioners shall consider: \n Do the peace agreement and/or national DDR policy document contain references to demobilization sites? \n Are both male and female combatants already in the communities where they will reintegrate? \n Will the demobilization process consist of formed military units reporting with their commanders, or individual combatants leaving active armed groups? \n What approach is being taken in other components of the DDR process – for example, is disarmament being undertaken at a mobile or static site? (See IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament.) \n Will cantonment play an important confidence-building role in the peace process? \n What does the context tell you about the potential security threat to those who demobilize? Are active armed groups likely to retaliate against former members who opt to demobilize? \n Can reception, disarmament and demobilization take place at the same site? \n Can existing sites be used? Do they require refurbishment? \n Will there be enough resources to build semi-permanent demobilization sites? How long will the construction process take? \n What are the potential risks of cantoning any one of the groups?

sentence:
  BOX 3: WHICH TYPE OF DEMOBILIZATION SITE \n\n When choosing which type of demobilization site is most appropriate, DDR practitioners shall consider: \n Do the peace agreement and/or national DDR policy document contain references to demobilization sites?


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Food Assistance in DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.50 Food Assistance in DDR
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.2 People centred
heading3: 4.2.1 Criteria for participation/eligibility
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Because dependants are civilians, they should not be involved in disarmament and demobilization.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  Because dependants are civilians, they should not be involved in disarmament and demobilization. However, they should be screened and identified as dependants of an eligible combatant (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). In this context, food assistance for dependants may be implemented in one of two ways. The first would involve dependants being cantoned in a separate, nearby camp while combatants are disarmed and demobilized. The second would involve dependants being taken or being asked to go directly to their communities. These two approaches would require different methods for distributing food assistance. During the planning process for the food assistance component of a DDR process, a clear, coordinated approach to inter-agency procedures for meeting the needs of dependants shall be outlined for all agency partners that will be involved.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  To effectively demobilize members of armed forces and groups, meticulous planning is required. At a minimum, planning for demobilization operations should include information collection; agreement with national authorities on eligibility criteria; decisions on the type, number and location of demobilization sites; decisions on the type of transfer modality for reinsertion assistance; a risk and security assessment; the development of standard operating procedures; and the creation of a demobilization team. All demobilization operations shall be based on gender- and age-responsive analysis and shall be developed in close cooperation with the national authorities or institutions responsible for the DDR programme.

sentence:
  At a minimum, planning for demobilization operations should include information collection; agreement with national authorities on eligibility criteria; decisions on the type, number and location of demobilization sites; decisions on the type of transfer modality for reinsertion assistance; a risk and security assessment; the development of standard operating procedures; and the creation of a demobilization team.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 8. Child-sensitive approaches to DDR
heading2: 8.2 Demobilization
heading3: 8.2.1 Demobilization sites
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  Depending on the specific DDR process in place, demobilization may occur at semi- permanent military-controlled sites (such as cantonment sites), reception centres or mobile demobilization sites (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). When reporting to such sites, the time CAAFAG spend at the site shall be as short as possible, and every effort shall be made to rapidly identify them, register them and supply them with their immediate needs. Where possible, children should be identified before arrival at the demobilization site so that the documentation process (identification, verification, registration, medical needs) and other applicable procedures last no longer than 48 hours, after which they shall be transferred to an interim care centre (ICC) for children or to another location under civilian control. If CAAFAG report or are brought to mobile demobilization sites or reception centres, standard operating procedures shall be in place outlining when and how the handover to civilian authorities will take place.

sentence:
  Depending on the specific DDR process in place, demobilization may occur at semi- permanent military-controlled sites (such as cantonment sites), reception centres or mobile demobilization sites (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization).


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Security Sector Reform
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform
heading1: 5. Rationale for linking DDR and SSR
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  Demobilization \n While often treated narrowly as a feature of DDR, demobilization can also be conceived within an SSR framework more generally. Where decisions affecting force size and structure provide for inefficient, unaffordable or abusive security structures this will undermine long term peace and security. Decisions should therefore be based on a rational, inclusive assess- ment by national actors of the objectives, role and values of the future security sector. One important element of the relationship between demobilization and SSR relates to the impor- tance of avoiding security vacuums. Ensuring that decisions on both the structures estab- lished to house the demobilization process and the return of demobilised ex-combatants are taken in parallel with complementary community law enforcement activities can miti- gate this concern. The security implications of cross-border flows of ex-combatants also highlight the positive relationship between demobilization and border security.

sentence:
  Demobilization \n While often treated narrowly as a feature of DDR, demobilization can also be conceived within an SSR framework more generally.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Security Sector Reform
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform
heading1: 7. DDR and SSR dynamics to consider before and during demobilisation
heading2: 7.6. Data collection and management
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  Extensive data is often collected during the demobilization stage (see Module 4.20 on Demobilization, Para 5.4). A mechanism for collecting and processing this information within the Management Information System (MIS) should capture information require- ments for both DDR and SSR and may also support related activities such as mine action (See Box 2). Relevant information should be used to support human resource and financial management needs for the security sector. (See Module 4.20 on Demobilization, Para 8.2, especially box on Military Information.) This may also support the work of those respon- sible for undertaking a census or vetting of security personnel. Guidelines should include confidentiality issues in order to mitigate against inappropriate use of information.

sentence:
  Extensive data is often collected during the demobilization stage (see Module 4.20 on Demobilization, Para 5.4).


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and natural resources
heading2: 7.2 Demobilization
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  Demobilization includes a reinsertion phase in which transitional assistance is offered to DDR programme participants for a period of up to one year, prior to reintegration support (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). Transitional assistance may be offered in a number of ways including in-kind support, cash-based transfers, public works programmes or other income-generating activities. In contexts where there has been degradation of natural resources that are important for livelihoods or destruction of key water, sanitation and energy infrastructure, DDR programme participants can be employed in labour-intensive, quick-impact infrastructure or rehabilitation projects during the demobilization phase. When targeting natural resource management sectors, these projects can contribute to restoration and rehabilitation of environmental damages; increased protection of critical ecosystems; improved management of critical natural resources; and reduced vulnerability to natural disasters. Concerted efforts should be made to include women, youth, elderly, disabled, in planning and implementation of reinsertion activities.

sentence:
  Demobilization includes a reinsertion phase in which transitional assistance is offered to DDR programme participants for a period of up to one year, prior to reintegration support (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.3 Demobilization sites
heading3: 5.3.2 Temporary demobilization sites
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  Temporary demobilization sites that make use of existing facilities may be used as an alternative to the construction of semi-permanent demobilization sites. In this approach, combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups are told to meet at a specific location for demobilization within a specific time period. Temporary demobilization sites may be particularly useful if the target group is small, if individuals are likely to report for demobilization in small groups, or if the target group is scattered in multiple, known locations that are logistically accessible. This kind of site allows demobilization teams to carry out their activities in these locations without the need to build permanent structures. This approach may also be more appropriate than semi-permanent cantonment sites when the target group is already based in the community where its members will reintegrate. This is because combatants who are already in their communities should, where possible, remain there rather than be transported to a demobilization centre and back again. For a full list of the advantages and disadvantages of temporary demobilization sites, see table 2.

sentence:
  Temporary demobilization sites that make use of existing facilities may be used as an alternative to the construction of semi-permanent demobilization sites.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 6. Transitional WAM as a DDR-related tool
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: eb6a8e26Demobilization
paragraph:
  The activities outlined below should be carried out during the demobilization component of a DDR programme. These activities can be conducted at either semi-permanent or temporary demobilization sites.

sentence:
  The activities outlined below should be carried out during the demobilization component of a DDR programme.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
color: #7366A3
module: 4.11 Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
heading1: Annex B: Normative documents
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  The following normative documents (i.e., documents containing applicable norms, standards and guidelines) contain provisions that apply to the processes dealt with in this module. \n International Ammunition Technical Guidelines, https://www.un.org/disarmament/ un-saferguard/guide-lines. \n International Standards Organization, ISO Guide 51: ‘Safety Aspects: Guidelines for Their Inclusion in Standards’. \n Modular Small-arms-control Implementation Compendium, https://www.un.org/ disarmament/convarms/mosaic. \n Small Arms Survey and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms (SEESAC), SALW Survey Protocols, http://www.seesac.org/ Survey-Protocols. \n Weapons and Ammunition Management Policy, United Nations Department of Operational Support, Department of Peace Operations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, Department of Safety and Security, 2019. http://dag.un.org/ bitstream/handle/11176/400906/Weapons%20and%20Ammunition%20Policy.pdf. \n UN Department of Political Affairs and UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Aide Memoire – Engaging with Non-State Armed Groups (NSAGs) for Political Purposes: Considerations for UN Mediators and Missions, 2017. \n UN Development Programme, Blame It on the War? The Gender Dimensions of Violence in DDR, 2012. \n UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations and UN Office for Disarmament Af- fairs. Effective Weapons and Ammunition Management in a Changing Disarma- ment, Demobilization and Reintegration Context. Handbook for United Nations DDR practitioners. 2018. Referred as ‘DDR WAM Handbook’ in this standard. \n UN Institute for Disarmament Research, Utilizing the International Ammunition Tech- nical Guidelines in Conflict-Affected and Low-Capacity Environments, 2019, http:// www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/utilizing-the-international-ammunition-tech- nical-guidelines-in-conflict-affected-and-low-capacity-environments-en-749.pdf. \n UN Institute for Disarmament Research, The Role of Weapon and Ammunition Management in Preventing Conflict and Supporting Security Transition, 2019, https://www.unidir.org/publication/role-weapon-and-ammunition-manage- ment-preventing-conflict-and-supporting-security.

sentence:
  \n International Ammunition Technical Guidelines, https://www.un.org/disarmament/ un-saferguard/guide-lines.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: Annex C: Relevant frameworks and standards for natural resources in conflict settings
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: The Guidelines are voluntary.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Land Tenure Guidelines \n The purpose of these guidelines is to serve as a reference and provide guidance to improve the governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests with the overarching goal of achieving food security for all. The Guidelines have a particular focus on the linkages between tenure of land, fisheries and forests with poverty eradication, food security and sustainable livelihoods, with an emphasis on vulnerable and marginalized people. They mention specific actions that can be taken in order to improve tenure for land, fisheries and forests, especially for women, children, youth and indigenous peoples, as well as for the resolution of disputes, conflicts over tenure, and cooperation on transboundary matters. The Guidelines are voluntary.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
color: #7366A3
module: 4.11 Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
heading1: 1. Module scope and objectives
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  When collecting, registering, storing, transporting, and disposing of weapons, ammunition and explosives during transitional WAM the core guidelines outlined in IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament apply. As such, DDR-related transitional WAM should always adhere to United Nations standards and guidelines, namely the Modular small- arms-control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC) and International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).

sentence:
  As such, DDR-related transitional WAM should always adhere to United Nations standards and guidelines, namely the Modular small- arms-control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC) and International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: Summary
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  The handling of weapons, ammunition and explosives comes with significant risks. Therefore, the guidance provided within this module is based on the Modular Small-Arms Control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC)1 and the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).2 Additional documents containing norms, standards and guidelines relevant to this module can be found in Annex B.

sentence:
  Therefore, the guidance provided within this module is based on the Modular Small-Arms Control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC)1 and the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).2 Additional documents containing norms, standards and guidelines relevant to this module can be found in Annex B.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: Endnotes
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Guidelines for the Socio-economic Reintegration of Ex-combatants.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  \n 1 United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) Toolkit for Mainstreaming Employment and Decent Work, 2007. \n 2 Taken from the Prevention of child recruitment and reintegration of children associated with armed forces and groups: Strategic framework for addressing the economic gap, ILO (2007). \n 3 International Labour Organization. 2009. Guidelines for the Socio-economic Reintegration of Ex-combatants. Geneva, Switzerland, pp.23-29.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Community Violence Reduction
color: #008DCA
module: 2.30 Community Violence Reduction
heading1: 5. The role of CVR within a DDR process
heading2: 5.3 Relationship between CVR and weapons and ammunition management
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  DDR practitioners may, in consultation with relevant partners, propose conditions for the submission of weapons as part of a CVR programme. In some instances, modern and artisanal weapons and ammunition have been collected as part of CVR programmes and have later been destroyed in public ceremonies. Weapons and ammunition col- lected as part of CVR programmes should be destroyed, but if the authorities decide to integrate the material into their national stockpiles, this should be done in compliance with the State’s obligations under relevant international instruments and with technical guidelines.

sentence:
  Weapons and ammunition col- lected as part of CVR programmes should be destroyed, but if the authorities decide to integrate the material into their national stockpiles, this should be done in compliance with the State’s obligations under relevant international instruments and with technical guidelines.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: National Institutions for DDR
color: #00A554
module: 3.30 National Institutions for DDR
heading1: 6. Structures and functions of national institutions
heading2: 6.4. Planning and technical levels
heading3: 6.4.2. International technical coordination committee
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  An international technical coordination committee provides a forum for consultation, co- ordination and joint planning between national and international partners at the technical level of DDR programme development and implementation. This committee should meet regularly to review technical issues related to national DDR programme planning and implementation.

sentence:
  An international technical coordination committee provides a forum for consultation, co- ordination and joint planning between national and international partners at the technical level of DDR programme development and implementation.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 7. Stockpile management phase
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Ammunition and explosives shall be handled only by those with the necessary technical competencies.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  The term ‘stockpile management’ can be defined as procedures and activities designed to ensure the safe and secure accounting, storage, transportation and handling of arms, ammunition and explosives. The IATG and MOSAIC shall guide the design and implementation of this phase, and qualified WAM advisers should develop relevant SOP(s) (see section 5.6). The stockpile management and destruction of ammunition and explosives require a much more detailed technical response, as the risks and hazards are greater than for weapons, and stockpiles present a larger logistical challenge. Ammunition and explosives shall be handled only by those with the necessary technical competencies.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: Annex B: UN policies, guidelines and frameworks relevant for reintegration
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: UN inter-agency policies, guidelines and frameworks \n i.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  UN inter-agency policies, guidelines and frameworks \n i. Policy for Post-conflict Employment Creation, Income Generation and Reintegration (2008) \n ii. Operational Guidance Note for Post-conflict Employment Creation, Income Generation and Reintegration (2009) \n iii. CWGER Guidance Note on Early Recovery (2008)


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Glossary: Terms and Definitions
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.20 Glossary: Terms and Definitions
heading1: ‘Safe to move’
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  A technical assessment, by an appropriately qualified technician or technical officer, of the physical condition and stability of ammunition and explosives prior to any proposed move. Should the ammunition and explosives fail a ‘safe to move’ inspection, then they must be destroyed on site (i.e., at the place where it is found), or as close as is practically possible, by a qualified EOD team acting under the advice and control of the qualified technician or technical officer who conducted the initial ‘safe to move’ inspection.

sentence:
  A technical assessment, by an appropriately qualified technician or technical officer, of the physical condition and stability of ammunition and explosives prior to any proposed move.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Annex A contains a list of abbreviations used in these standards. A complete glossary of all the terms, definitions and abbreviations used in the IDDRS series is given in IDDRS 1.20. Definitions of technical terms related to weapons and ammunition are taken from MOSAIC and the IATG.

sentence:
  Definitions of technical terms related to weapons and ammunition are taken from MOSAIC and the IATG.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 6. Monitoring
heading2: 6.2 Procedures for disarmament
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Processing heavy weapons and their ammunition requires a high level of technical knowledge.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  BOX 6: PROCESSING HEAVY WEAPONS AND THEIR AMMUNITION \n An increasing number of armed groups in areas of conflict across the world use light and heavy weapons, including heavy artillery or armoured fighting vehicles. Dealing with heavy weapons presents both logistical and political challenges. In certain settings, heavy weapons could be included in the eligibility criteria for a DDR programme, and the ratio of arms to combatants could be determined based on the number of crew required to operate each specific weapons system. However, while small arms and most light weapons are generally seen as an individual asset, heavy weapons are often considered a group asset, and thus may not be surrendered during disarmament operations that focus on individual combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups. \n To ensure comprehensive disarmament and avoid the exploitation of loopholes, peace negotiations and the national DDR programme should determine the procedures related to the arsenals of armed groups, including heavy weapons and/or caches of materiel. Processing heavy weapons and their ammunition requires a high level of technical knowledge. Heavy-weapons systems can be complex and require specialist expertise to ensure that systems are made safe, unloaded and all items of ammunition are safely separated from the platform. Conducting a thorough weapons survey and planning is vital to ensure the correct expertise is made available. The UN DDR component in mission settings or UN lead agency(ies) in non-mission settings should provide advice with regards to the collection, storage and disposal of heavy weapons, and support the development of any related SOPs. Procedures regarding heavy weapons should be clearly communicated to armed forces and groups prior to any disarmament operations to avoid unorganized and unscheduled movements of heavy weapons that might foment further tensions among the population. Destruction of heavy weapons requires significant logistics (see section 8); it is therefore critical to ensure the physical security of these weapons in order to reduce the risk of diversion.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.6 Safety and security
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Handling weapons, ammunition and explosives comes with high levels of risk. The involvement of technically qualified WAM advisers in the planning and implementation of disarmament operations is critical to their safety and success. Technical advisers shall have formal training and operational field experience in ammunition and weapons storage, marking, transportation, deactivation and the destruction of arms, ammunition and explosives, as relevant.

sentence:
  Technical advisers shall have formal training and operational field experience in ammunition and weapons storage, marking, transportation, deactivation and the destruction of arms, ammunition and explosives, as relevant.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  In the IDDRS series, the words ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘may’, ‘can’ and ‘must’ are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance with the standards laid down. This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines. \n a)‘shall’ is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in order to conform to the standard; \n b)‘should’ is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications; \n c)‘may’ is used to indicate a possible method or course of action; \n d)‘can’ is used to indicate a possibility and capability; \n e)‘must’ is used to indicate an external constraint or obligation.

sentence:
  This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: The UN Approach to DDR
color: #008DCA
module: 2.10 The UN Approach to DDR
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  In the IDDRS series, the words ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘may’, ‘can’ and ‘must’ are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance with the standards laid down. This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines: a. ‘shall’ is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in order to conform to the standard; b. ‘should’ is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications; c. ‘may’ is used to indicate a possible method or course of action; d. ‘can’ is used to indicate a possibility and capability; e. ‘must’ is used to indicate an external constraint or obligation.

sentence:
  This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines: a.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: Monitoring and Evaluation of DDR Programmes
color: #00A554
module: 3.50 Monitoring and Evaluation of DDR Programmes
heading1: 1. Module scope and objectives
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: These guidelines cover the basic M&E procedures for integrated DDR programmes.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  These guidelines cover the basic M&E procedures for integrated DDR programmes. The purpose of these guidelines is to establish standards for managing the implementation of integrated DDR projects and to provide guidance on how to perform M&E in a way that will make project management more effective, lead to follow­up and make reporting more consistent.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
color: #7366A3
module: 4.11 Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  In the IDDRS series, the words ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘may’, ‘can’ and ‘must’ are used to indicate the intended degree of compliance with the standards laid down. This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines: \n a. ‘shall’ is used to indicate requirements, methods or specifications that are to be applied in order to conform to the standard; \n b. ‘should’ is used to indicate the preferred requirements, methods or specifications; \n c. ‘may’ is used to indicate a possible method or course of action; \n d. ‘can’ is used to indicate a possibility and capability; \n e. ‘must’ is used to indicate an external constraint or obligation.

sentence:
  This use is consistent with the language used in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and guidelines: \n a.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Natural Resource Management
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.30 DDR and Natural Resource Management
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and natural resources
heading2: 7.3 Reintegration
heading3: 7.3.2 Reintegration support and land rights
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  DDR practitioners shall follow international guidelines for land tenure in the assessment, design and implementation phase of reintegration programmes. Since land tenure issues are a long- term development challenge, it is essential that DDR practitioners work with other specialized agencies to address this and ensure that land tenure reform efforts continue after the reintegration programme has come to an end.

sentence:
  DDR practitioners shall follow international guidelines for land tenure in the assessment, design and implementation phase of reintegration programmes.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: f6d4aed6the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines
paragraph:
  Safe to move: A technical assessment, by an appropriately qualified technician or technical officer, of the physical condition and stability of ammunition and explosives prior to any proposed move. Should the ammunition and explosives fail a ‘safe to move’ inspection, they must be destroyed in situ (i.e., at the place where they are found) by a qualified EOD team acting under the advice and control of the qualified technician or technical officer who conducted the initial ‘safe to move’ inspection.

sentence:
  Safe to move: A technical assessment, by an appropriately qualified technician or technical officer, of the physical condition and stability of ammunition and explosives prior to any proposed move.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: HIV/AIDS and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.60 HIV-AIDS and DDRAIDS and DDR
heading1: Annex A: Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: If this happens the test must be repeated.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  Terms and definitions \n\n AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: the stage of HIV when the immune system is depleted, leaving the body vulnerable to one or more life-threatening diseases. \n\n Anti-retrovirals (ARVs): Broad term for the main type of treatment for HIV and AIDS. ARVs are not a cure. \n\n Behaviour-change communication (BCC): A participatory, community-level process aimed at developing positive behaviours; promoting and sustaining individual, community and societal behaviour change; and maintaining appropriate behaviours. \n\n False negative/positive: HIV test result that is wrong, either giving a negative result when the person is HIV-positive, or a positive result when the person is HIV-negative. \n\n HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, the virus that causes AIDS. \n\n HIV confirmation tests: According to WHO/UNAIDS recommendations, all positive HIV- test results (whether ELISA [enzyme-linked immunabsorbent assay] or simple/rapid tests) should be confirmed using a second, different test to confirm accuracy, or two further dif- ferent rapid tests if laboratory facilities are not available. \n\n HIV counselling: Counselling generally offered before and after an HIV test in order to help individuals understand their risk behaviour and cope with an HIV-positive result or stay HIV-negative. The counselling service also links individuals to options for treatment, care and support, and provides information on how to stay as healthy as possible and how to minimize the risk of transmission to others. Test results shall be confidential. Usually a vol- untary counselling and testing service package ensures that: the HIV test is voluntary; pre and post test counselling is offered; informed consent is obtained (agreement to a medical test or procedure after clear explanation of risks and benefits); and HIV tests are performed using approved HIV test kits and following testing protocols. \n\n HIV-negative result: The HIV test did not detect any antibodies in the blood. This either means that the person is not infected with the virus at the time of the test or that he/she is in the ‘window period’ (i.e., false negative, see above). It does not mean that he/she is immune to the virus. \n\n HIV-positive result: A positive HIV test result means that a person has the HIV antibodies in his/her blood and is infected with HIV. It does not mean that he/she has AIDS. HIV test: Usually a test for the presence of antibodies. There are two main methods of HIV testing: \n HIV ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay) test: This is the most efficient test for testing large numbers per day, but requires laboratory facilities with equipment, maintenance staff and a reliable power supply; \n Simple/rapid HIV tests: These do not require special equipment or highly trained staff and are as accurate as ELISA. Rapid tests will usually give results in approximately 30 minutes and are easy to perform. Suitable combinations of three simple/rapid tests are recommended by WHO where facilities for ELISA or ELISA/Western Blot testing are not available. \n\n Inconclusive (indeterminate) result: A small percentage of HIV test results are inconclu- sive. This means that the result is neither positive nor negative. This may be due to a number of factors that are not related to HIV infection, or it can be because of the person is in the early stages of infection when there are insufficient HIV antibodies present to give a positive result. If this happens the test must be repeated. \n\n Information, education and communication (IEC): The development of communication strategies and support materials, based on formative research and designed to impact on levels of knowledge and influence behaviours among specific groups. \n\n Mandatory testing: Testing or screening required by federal, state, or local law to compel individuals to submit to HIV testing without informed consent. Within those countries that conduct mandatory testing, it is usually limited to specific ‘populations’ such as cat- egories of health care providers, members of the military, prisoners or people in high-risk situations. \n\n Nutritional requirements: AIDS patients usually need a food intake that is 30 percent higher than standard recommended levels. \n\n Opportunistic infection (OI): Infection that occurs when an immune system is weakened, but which might not cause a disease — or be as serious — in a person with a properly func- tioning immune system. \n\n Peer education: A popular concept that variously refers to an approach, a communication channel, a methodology and/or an intervention strategy. Peer education usually involves training and supporting members of a given group with the same background, experience and values to effect change among members of that group. It is often used to influence knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours at the individual level. However, peer educa- tion may also create change at the group or societal level by modifying norms and stimulating collective action that contributes to changes in policies and programmes. Worldwide, peer education is one of the most widely used HIV/AIDS awareness strategies. \n\n Post-exposure prophylaxis/post-exposure prevention (PEP): A short-term antiretroviral treatment that reduce the likelihood of HIV infection after potential exposure to infected body fluids, such as through a needle-stick injury or as a result of rape. The treatment should only be administered by a qualified health care practitioner. It essentially consists of taking high doses of ARVs for 28 days. To be effective, the treatment must start within 2 to 72 hours of the possible exposure; the earlier the treatment is started, the more effective it is. Its success rate varies. \n\n Routine opt-in testing: Approach to testing whereby the individual is offered an HIV test as a standard part of a treatment/health check that he/she is about to receive. The indivi- dual is informed that he/she has the right to decide whether or not to undergo the test. \n\n Sentinel surveillance: Surveillance based on selected population samples chosen to repre- sent the relevant experience of particular groups. \n\n Sero-conversion: The period when the blood starts producing detectable antibodies in response to HIV infection. \n\n Sero-positive: Having HIV antibodies; being HIV-positive. \n\n Sexually transmitted infection (STI): Disease that is commonly transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex. The presence of an STI is indicative of risk behaviour and also increases the actual risk of contracting HIV. \n\n STI syndromic management: A cost-effective approach that allows health workers to diag- nose sexually transmitted infections on the basis of a patient’s history and symptoms, without the need for laboratory analysis. Treatment normally includes the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. \n\n Universal precautions: Simple infection control measures that reduce the risk of transmis- sion of blood borne pathogens through exposure to blood or body fluids among patients and health care workers. Under the ‘universal precaution’ principle, blood and body fluids from all persons should be considered as infected with HIV, regardless of the known or supposed status of the person. \n Use of new, single-use disposable injection equipment for all injections is highly recom- mended. Sterilising injection equipment should only be considered if single-use equip- ment is not available. \n Discard contaminated sharps immediately and without recapping in puncture- and liquid-proof containers that are closed, sealed and destroyed before completely full. \n Document the quality of the sterilization for all medical equipment used for percuta- neous procedures. \n Wash hands with soap and water before and after procedures; use protective barriers such as gloves, gowns, aprons, masks and goggles for direct contact with blood and other body fluids. \n Disinfect instruments and other contaminated equipment. \n Handle properly soiled linen with care. Soiled linen should be handled as little as pos- sible. Gloves and leak-proof bags should be used if necessary. Cleaning should occur outside patient areas, using detergent and hot water. \n\n Voluntary HIV testing: A client-initiated HIV test whereby the individual chooses to go to a testing facility/provider to find out his/her HIV status. \n\n Window period: The time period between initial infection with HIV and the body’s pro- duction of antibodies, which can be up to three months. During this time, an HIV test for antibodies may be negative, even though the person has the virus and can infect others.


levelName: General IDDRS
title: Glossary: Terms and Definitions
color: #F07F4E
module: 1.20 Glossary: Terms and Definitions
heading1: Inconclusive (indeterminate) test
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: If this happens the test must be repeated.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  A small percentage of HIV test results are inconclusive. This means that the result is neither positive nor negative. This may be due to a number of factors that are not related to HIV infection, or it can be because of the person is in the early stages of infection when there are insufficient HIV antibodies present to give a positive result. If this happens the test must be repeated.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
color: #008DCA
module: 2.40 Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
heading1: 3. Guiding principles
heading2: 3.3 Gender-responsive and inclusive
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  In some cases, women may have ‘self-demobilized’ or been excluded from DDR programmes by military commanders (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). When this happens, and if women so choose, efforts should be made to provide them with access to the reintegration programme. Female- specific reintegration programmes may also be created to address these women.

sentence:
  When this happens, and if women so choose, efforts should be made to provide them with access to the reintegration programme.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  Demobilization as part of a DDR programme is the separation of members of armed forces and groups from military command and control structures and their transition to civilian status. The first stage of demobilization includes the formal and controlled discharge of members of armed forces and groups in designated sites. A peace agreement provides the political, policy and operational framework for demobilization and may be accompanied by a DDR policy document. When the preconditions for a DDR programme do not exist, the transition from combatant to civilian status can be facilitated and formalized through different approaches by national authorities.

sentence:
  Demobilization as part of a DDR programme is the separation of members of armed forces and groups from military command and control structures and their transition to civilian status.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  Combatants and persons associated with armed forces and groups may experience challenges related to demobilization and the transition to civilian life. Armed forces and groups are often effective in socializing their members to violence and military ways of life. Training, initiation rituals and hazing are common methods of military socialization. So too are shared experiences of violence and combat. When leaving armed forces and groups, individuals may experience difficulties in shedding their military identity as well as rejection and stigmatization in their communities. Demobilization can mean adjustment to a new role and status, and new routines of family or home life. Persons who demobilize may also experience a loss of purpose, difficulty in creating and sustaining a livelihood, and a loss of military community and friendships.

sentence:
  Armed forces and groups are often effective in socializing their members to violence and military ways of life.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 8. Child-sensitive approaches to DDR
heading2: 8.1 Disarmament
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  Disarmament may represent the first sustained contact for CAAFAG with people outside of the armed force or group. This can be a difficult process, as it is often the first step in the transition from military to civilian life. As outlined in section 4.2.1, CAAFAG shall be eligible for DDR processes for children irrespective of whether they present themselves with a weapon or ammunition and irrespective of the role they may have played. Children with weapons and ammunition shall be disarmed, preferably by a military or government authority rather than a DDR practitioner or child protection actor. They shall not be required to demonstrate that they know how to use a weapon. CAAFAG shall be given the option of receiving a document certifying the surrender of their weapon or ammunition if there is a procedure in place and if this is in their best interests. For example, this would be a positive option if the certificate can protect the child against any doubt over his/her surrender of the weapon/ammunition, but not if it will be seen as an admission of guilt and participation in violence in an unstable or insecure environment or if it could lead to criminal prosecution (see IDDRS 4.10 on Disarmament).

sentence:
  This can be a difficult process, as it is often the first step in the transition from military to civilian life.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Health and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.70 Health and DDR
heading1: 7. The role of the health sector in the planning process
heading2: 7.1. Assessing epidemiological profiles
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: (2) What health risks, if any, will they face when they move during DDR processes?
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  Three key questions must be asked in order to create an epidemiological profile: (1) What is the health status of the targeted population? (2) What health risks, if any, will they face when they move during DDR processes? (3) What health threats might they pose, if any, to local communities near transit areas or those in which they reintegrate?


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.3 Demobilization sites
heading3: 5.3.4 Size, capacity and duration
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  The duration of demobilization will depend on the time that is needed to complete the activities planned during demobilization (e.g., screening, profiling, awareness raising). Generally speaking, the demobilization component of a DDR process should be as short as possible. At temporary demobilization sites, it may be possible to process individuals in one or two days. If semi-permanent demobilization sites have been constructed, cantonment should be kept as short as possible – from one week to a maximum of one month. DDR practitioners should also seek to ensure that the conditions at demobilization sites are equivalent to those in civilian life. If this is the case, then it is less likely that demobilized individuals will be reluctant to leave. Demobilization should not begin until plans for reinsertion (or community violence reduction, as a stop-gap measure) and reintegration are ready to be put into operation.

sentence:
  DDR practitioners should also seek to ensure that the conditions at demobilization sites are equivalent to those in civilian life.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  Release includes the process of formal and controlled disarmament and demobilization of children from an armed force or group, as well as the informal ways in which children leave by escaping, being captured or any other means. It implies a disassociation from the armed force or group and the beginning of the transition from military to civilian life. Release can take place during a situation of armed conflict; it is not dependent on the temporary or permanent cessation of hostilities. Release is not dependent on children having weapons to forfeit.

sentence:
  It implies a disassociation from the armed force or group and the beginning of the transition from military to civilian life.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: DDR Programme Design
color: #00A554
module: 3.20 DDR Programme Design
heading1: 6. Stage II: Preparing the DDR programme document
heading2: 6.7. Ensuring cross-programme links with broader transition and recovery frameworks
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  In most cases, the development of DDR programmes happens at the same time as the devel­ opment of programmes in other sectors such as rule of law, SSR, reintegration and recovery, and peace­building. The DDR programmes should be linked, as far as possible, to these other processes so that each process supports and strengthens the others and helps integrate DDR into the broader framework for international assistance. DDR should be viewed as a com­ ponent of a larger strategy to achieve post­conflict objectives and goals. Other processes to which DDR programme could be linked include JAM/PCNA activities, and the development of a common country assessment/UN development assessment framework and poverty reduction strategy paper (also see IDDRS 2.20 on Post­conflict Stabilization, Peace­building and Recovery Frameworks).

sentence:
  In most cases, the development of DDR programmes happens at the same time as the devel­ opment of programmes in other sectors such as rule of law, SSR, reintegration and recovery, and peace­building.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Youth and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.30 Youth and DDR
heading1: 7. Youth-focused approaches to DDR
heading2: 7.1 DDR programmes
heading3: 7.1.5 Pre-Discharge Awareness Raising
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  The transition from military to civilian life can be extremely difficult and stressful for youth who are ex-combatants or persons associated with armed forces or groups. These young men and women often lack experience in navigating civilian systems or processes such as finding accommodation, accessing services and engaging in civilian life. Pre-discharge awareness raising can be a critical component in ensuring a smooth initial transition and to begin to prepare youth for civilian life. As such, specialized sensitization programmes should be developed for youth to address the various concerns specific to this group. These programmes should take into account specific gender differences such as addressing societal expectations (e.g., for males to be the primary breadwinner, for females to fulfil traditional gender roles) and risks of stigmatization/rejection. However, they should also be designed to prepare youth for their reintegration, including beginning to raise and where appropriate address issues such as social norms and how to resolve disagreements and disputes non-violently. Given that youth may have been socialized into violence during the period they were associated with an armed force or group, longer-term reintegration support is necessary. Sensitization should therefore focus on helping youth find solutions to the challenges they may face on their return, rather than purely identifying those challenges.

sentence:
  The transition from military to civilian life can be extremely difficult and stressful for youth who are ex-combatants or persons associated with armed forces or groups.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: UN Military Roles and Responsibilities
color: #7366A3
module: 4.40 UN Military Roles and Responsibilities
heading1: 7. DDR and security sector reform
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  DDR may be closely linked to security sector reform (SSR) in a peace agreement. This agreement may stipulate that vetted former members of armed forces and groups are to be integrated into the national armed forces, police, gendarmerie or other uniformed services. In some DDR-SSR processes, the reform of the security sector may also lead to the discharge of members of the armed forces for reintegration into civilian life. Dependant on the DDR-SSR agreement in place, these individuals can be given the option of benefiting from reintegration support.

sentence:
  In some DDR-SSR processes, the reform of the security sector may also lead to the discharge of members of the armed forces for reintegration into civilian life.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: 9. Economic reintegration
heading2: 9.3. Employability of ex-combatants
heading3: 9.3.1. Life skills
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Life skills include non-violent ways of resolving conflict at the workplace and in civilian life.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  Reintegration programme managers should regard the provision of life skills as a neces- sity, not a luxury, in reintegration programmes. Life skills include non-violent ways of resolving conflict at the workplace and in civilian life. Life skills also allow individuals to learn socially-acceptable behaviours to use in their personal and professional lives.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 6. Transitional WAM as a DDR-related tool
heading2: 6.5 Awareness raising and sensitization
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  Demobilization operations provide an opportunity to offer individuals information that can practically and psychologically prepare them for the transition from military to civilian life. For example, if demobilized individuals are to receive reinsertion support (cash, vouchers, in-kind support, public works programmes, etc.), then the modalities of this support should be clearly explained. Furthermore, if reinsertion assistance is to be followed by reintegration support, orientation sessions should include information on the opportunities and support services available as part of the reintegration programme and how these can be accessed.

sentence:
  Demobilization operations provide an opportunity to offer individuals information that can practically and psychologically prepare them for the transition from military to civilian life.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 2. Terms, definitions and abbreviations
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: cdac19d0Demobilization happens to members of armed groups move from military to civilian life
paragraph:
  Self-demobilization is the term used in this module to refer to situations where individuals leave armed forces or groups to return to civilian life without reporting to national authorities and officially changing their status from military to civilian.

sentence:
  Self-demobilization is the term used in this module to refer to situations where individuals leave armed forces or groups to return to civilian life without reporting to national authorities and officially changing their status from military to civilian.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Food Assistance in DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.50 Food Assistance in DDR
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  As outlined in IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR, DDR processes can include various combinations of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support. The objectives and means through which food assistance is provided will differ depending on the type of DDR process being supported (see Table 1 below). For example, during DDR programmes food assistance can be provided at disarmament and/or cantonment sites and as part of a transitional safety net in support of reinsertion and reintegration. Food assistance can also be provided as part of reintegration support either a part of a DDR programme or when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). In addition, food assistance can be part of pre-DDR and CVR (see IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction). When food assistance is provided prior to demobilization, i.e., to active armed forces and groups, it shall be provided by Governments or peacekeeping actors and their cooperating partners, not humanitarian agencies.

sentence:
  Food assistance can also be provided as part of reintegration support either a part of a DDR programme or when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization).


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
color: #008DCA
module: 2.40 Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
heading1: 5. Reintegration support across the peace continuum
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  In addition, in contexts where the preconditions for DDR programmes are not in place, DDR-related tools such as community violence reduction (CVR) and transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM) have been used along with support to mediation and transitional security measures (see IDDRS 2.20 on The Politics of DDR, IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction and IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management). Where appropriate, early elements of reintegration support can be part of CVR programming, such as different types of employment and livelihoods support, improvement of the capacities of vulnerable communities to absorb returning ex-combatants, and investments in public goods designed to strengthen the social cohesion of communities. Reintegration as part of the sustaining peace approach is not only an integral part of DDR programmes. It also follows security sector reform (SSR) where armed forces or the police are rightsized; complements DDR-related tools, such as CVR, through sustainable measures; or is provided to persons formerly associated with armed groups designated as terrorist organizations by the United Nations Security Council.

sentence:
  Reintegration as part of the sustaining peace approach is not only an integral part of DDR programmes.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Demobilization
color: #7366A3
module: 4.20 Demobilization
heading1: 7. DDR arms control activities and SALW control
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  Reinsertion support is transitional assistance provided as part of a DDR programme and is the second step of demobilization. It aims to provide ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups with support to meet their immediate needs and those of their dependants, until they are able to enter a reintegration programme. Reinsertion assistance should be planned to pave the way for reintegration support and should consist of time-bound, basic benefits delivered for up to 12 months. In mission settings, reinsertion assistance may be funded from the UN peacekeeping operation’s assessed budget.

sentence:
  Reinsertion support is transitional assistance provided as part of a DDR programme and is the second step of demobilization.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Food Assistance in DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.50 Food Assistance in DDR
heading1: Summary
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  As outlined in IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR, DDR processes can include various combinations of DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support. The objectives and means through which food assistance is provided will differ depending on the type of DDR process being supported. For example, during DDR programmes food assistance can be provided at disarmament and/or cantonment sites and as part of a transitional safety net in support of reinsertion and reintegration. Food assistance can also be provided as part of reintegration support either during a DDR programme or when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization). In addition, food assistance can be part of pre-DDR and CVR (see IDDRS 2.30 on Community Violence Reduction).

sentence:
  Food assistance can also be provided as part of reintegration support either during a DDR programme or when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 4.20 on Demobilization).


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Organized Crime
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.40 DDR and Organized Crime
heading1: 7. DDR programmes and organized crime
heading2: 7.2 Demobilization
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  In crime-conflict contexts, demobilization as part of a DDR programme presents a number of challenges. While the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants may be clear cut, persuading them to relinquish their ties to organized criminal activities may be harder. This is also true for persons associated with armed forces and groups. Given the clandestine nature of organized crime, establishing whether DDR programme participants continue to engage in organized crime may be difficult.

sentence:
  In crime-conflict contexts, demobilization as part of a DDR programme presents a number of challenges.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Food Assistance in DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.50 Food Assistance in DDR
heading1: 6. Food assistance as part of a DDR process
heading2: 6.2 Food assistance and reintegration support
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  Reintegration support can be provided as part of a DDR programme, or when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place. In both instances, the role of food assistance will depend on the type of reintegration support provided and whether any form of targeting is applied (see IDDRS 4.30 on Reintegration). DDR participants and beneficiaries will often eventually be included in a community-based approach and access food in the same way as members of these communities, rather than receive special entitlements. Ultimately, they should be seen as part of the community and, if in need of assistance, take part in programmes covering broader recovery efforts.

sentence:
  Reintegration support can be provided as part of a DDR programme, or when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
color: #7366A3
module: 4.11 Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
heading1: 6. Transitional WAM as a DDR-related tool
heading2: 6.2 Transitional WAM and reintegration support
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  Reintegration support can be provided to ex-combatants as part of a DDR programme and also when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 2.40 on Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace). When transitional WAM and rein- tegration support are linked as part of a DDR programme, ex-combatants will have already been disarmed and demobilized. In contexts where there is no DDR programme, combatants may leave armed groups during active conflict and return to their com- munities, taking their weapons and ammunition with them or hiding them in weap- ons caches. In both scenarios, ex-combatants may return to communities where levels of weapons and ammunition possession are high. It may therefore be necessary to coherently combine the transitional WAM measures listed in Table 1 with reintegration support as part of a single programme.

sentence:
  Reintegration support can be provided to ex-combatants as part of a DDR programme and also when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 2.40 on Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace).


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Youth and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.30 Youth and DDR
heading1: 7. Youth-focused approaches to DDR
heading2: 7.2 Reintegration
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  Reintegration support can be provided as part of a DDR programme, or when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR). For youth 15-17, reintegration support can be provided at any time (see IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR) The guidance provided in this section is applicable to both scenarios.

sentence:
  Reintegration support can be provided as part of a DDR programme, or when the preconditions for a DDR programme are not in place (see IDDRS 2.10 on The UN Approach to DDR).


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
color: #008DCA
module: 2.40 Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
heading1: 4. Reintegration as part of sustaining peace
heading2: 4.1 The Sustaining Peace Approach
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  Inclusion is also an important part of reintegration support as part of the sustaining peace approach. Exclusion and marginalization, including gender inequalities, are key drivers of violent conflict. Community-owned and -led approaches to reintegration support that are inclusive and integrate a gender perspective, specifically addressing the needs of women, youth, disabled persons, ethnic minorities and indigenous groups have a positive impact on a country’s capacity to manage and avoid conflict, and ultimately on the sustainability of peace processes. Empowering the voices and capacities of women and youth in the planning and design of reintegration programmes contributes to addressing conflict drivers, socioeconomic and gender inequalities, and youth disenchantment. Additionally, given that national-level peace processes are not always possible, opportunities to leverage reintegration support, particularly around social cohesion through local peace processesbetween groups and communities, can be sought through local governance initiatives, such as participatory budgeting and planning.

sentence:
  Inclusion is also an important part of reintegration support as part of the sustaining peace approach.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: UN Police Roles and Responsibilities
color: #7366A3
module: 4.50 UN Police Roles and Responsibilities
heading1: 7. DDR processes and policing – specific tasks
heading2: 7.1 DDR programmes
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  When disarmament and demobilization is planned as part of a DDR programme, UN police personnel can provide advice and training to State police personnel to ensure that they develop procedures and processes to deal with the shorter-term aspects of disarmament and demobilization. These shorter- term aspects may include, but are not limited to, the travel and assembly of combatants, persons associated with armed forces and groups and dependants.

sentence:
  When disarmament and demobilization is planned as part of a DDR programme, UN police personnel can provide advice and training to State police personnel to ensure that they develop procedures and processes to deal with the shorter-term aspects of disarmament and demobilization.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: UN Military Roles and Responsibilities
color: #7366A3
module: 4.40 UN Military Roles and Responsibilities
heading1: 5. The military component in mission settings
heading2: 5.3 Military component contribution
heading3: 5.3.3 Transitional weapons and ammunition management
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  Military components may also assist with transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM) as part of pre-DDR, as part of community violence reduction, or as part of DDR support to transitional security arrangements. The precise roles and responsibilities to be played by military components in each of these scenarios should be outlined in a set of standard operating procedures for transitional WAM (see IDDRS 4.11 on Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management).

sentence:
  Military components may also assist with transitional weapons and ammunition management (WAM) as part of pre-DDR, as part of community violence reduction, or as part of DDR support to transitional security arrangements.


levelName: Structures and Processes
title: Personnel and Staffing
color: #00A554
module: 3.42 Personnel and Staffing
heading1: 5. The aim of the integrated unit
heading2: 5.1. Components of the integrated DDR unit
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  The integrated DDR unit, in general terms, should fulfil the following functions: \n Political and programme management: The chief and deputy chief of the integrated DDR unit are responsible for the overall political and programme management. Both the chief and his/her deputy will work to ensure that the DDR programme supports the overall peace process and mission objectives, and that there is close cooperation and collaboration with national stakeholders and other implementing partners, such as other UN entities, international organizations, non­governmental organizations (NGOs) and the donor community; \n Overall DDR planning and coordination: This component of the DDR unit is responsible for the overall development of the DDR programme. Seconded personnel from UN agencies, funds and programmes will work in this section to contribute to the joint planning and coordination of the DDR programme. Attached military and police per­ sonnel from within the mission will also form part of this component; \n Disarmament and demobilization: This component will be responsible for the overall implementation and management of all aspects of the disarmament and demobilization phases of the DDR programme. This includes short­term disarmament activities, such as weapons collection and registration, but also longer­term disarmament activities that support the establishment of a legal regime for the control of small arms and light weapons, and other community weapons collection initiatives. Where mandated, this component will coordinate with the military to assist in the destruction of weapons, ammunition and unexploded ordnance; \n Reintegration: This component plans the economic and social reintegration strategies. It also plans the reinsertion programme to ensure consistency and coherence with the overall reintegration strategy. It needs to work closely with other parts of the mission facilitating the return and reintegration of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees; \n Monitoring and evaluation: This component is responsible for setting up and monitoring indicators to measure the achievements in all phases of the DDR programme. It also conducts DDR­related surveys such as small arms baseline surveys, profiling of parti­ cipants and beneficiaries, mapping of economic opportunities, etc.; \n Public information and sensitization: This component works to develop the public informa­ tion and sensitization strategy for the DDR programme. It draws on the direct support of the public information unit in the peacekeeping mission, but also employs other information dissemination personnel within the mission, such as the military, police and civil affairs officers, as well as local mechanisms such as theatre groups, adminis­ trative structures, etc.; \n Administrative and financial management: This is a small component of the unit, which may be seconded from an integrating UN entity to support the programme delivery aspect of the DDR unit. Its role is to utilize the administrative and financial capacities of the UN country office; \n Regional DDR offices: These are the regional implementing components of the DDR unit, which would implement programmes at the local level in close cooperation with the other regionalized components of civil affairs, military, police, etc.

sentence:
  Attached military and police per­ sonnel from within the mission will also form part of this component; \n Disarmament and demobilization: This component will be responsible for the overall implementation and management of all aspects of the disarmament and demobilization phases of the DDR programme.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
color: #008DCA
module: 2.40 Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
heading1: 4. Reintegration as part of sustaining peace
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Reintegration processes are part of the development of a country.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  The reintegration of ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups is a long-term process with social, economic, political and security dimensions. It may be influenced by factors such as the choices and capacities of individuals to shape a new life, the security situation and perceptions of security, family and support networks, and the psychological well-being of combatants and the wider community. Reintegration processes are part of the development of a country. Facilitating reintegration is therefore primarily the responsibility of national Governments and their institutions, with the international community playing a supporting role if requested.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
color: #008DCA
module: 2.40 Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
heading1: Summary
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Reintegration processes are part of the development of a country.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  The reintegration of ex-combatants and persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups is a long-term process with social, economic and political dimensions. It may be influenced by factors such as the choices and capacities of individuals to shape a new life, the security situation and perceptions of security, family and support networks, and the psychological well-being and mental health of ex-combatants and the wider community. Reintegration processes are part of the development of a country. Facilitating reintegration is therefore primarily the responsibility of national Governments and their institutions, with the international community playing a supporting role if requested.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Youth and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.30 Youth and DDR
heading1: 7. Youth-focused approaches to DDR
heading2: 7.2 Reintegration
heading3: 7.2.6 Life skills
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 8b1b2772Demobilization as part of a DDR programme
paragraph:
  Investment in life skills development for all youth must be considered of critical importance for DDR practitioners. This should be seen as a key reintegration strategy and should be mainstreamed throughout all the main components of reintegration programming. Examples of the type of life skills that may be developed through reintegration support are outlined in Table 1 below. When reintegration is being supported as part of a DDR programme, the life skills to be developed should be determined by the findings from the profiling survey conducted during demobilization.

sentence:
  When reintegration is being supported as part of a DDR programme, the life skills to be developed should be determined by the findings from the profiling survey conducted during demobilization.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 7. Prevention of recruitment and re-recruitment of children
heading2: 7.1 Identification and documentation of risks of (re-)recruitment
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  Some children are particularly vulnerable to (re-)recruitment because of inadequate protection, such as children living in conflict zones, child refugees or those who have been internally displaced, unaccompanied children, orphans or those separated from their families, children in child- or female-headed households, and children with very young parents. Girls and boys are at greater risk of being recruited in certain locations, such as zones of intense conflict; areas frequently crossed by troops; and public places with concentrations of children such as markets, schools, refugee camps or camps for internally displaced persons, and places where children go to fetch wood or water.

sentence:
  Some children are particularly vulnerable to (re-)recruitment because of inadequate protection, such as children living in conflict zones, child refugees or those who have been internally displaced, unaccompanied children, orphans or those separated from their families, children in child- or female-headed households, and children with very young parents.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: The UN Approach to DDR
color: #008DCA
module: 2.10 The UN Approach to DDR
heading1: 8. What principles guide UN DDR?
heading2: 8.2 People-centred
heading3: 8.2.2. Unconditional release and protection of children
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  The unconditional and immediate release of children associated with armed forces and groups must be a priority, irrespective of the status of peace negotiations and/ or the development of DDR programmes and DDR-related tools. UN-supported DDR interventions shall not be allowed to encourage the recruitment of children into armed forces and groups in any way, especially by commanders trying to increase the number of combatants entering DDR programmes in order to profit from assistance provided to combatants. When DDR programmes, DDR-related tools and reintegration support are implemented, children shall be separated from armed forces and groups and handed over to child protection agencies. Children will then be supported to demobilize and reintegrate into families and communities (see IDDRS 5.30 on Children and DDR). Only child protection practitioners should interview children associated with armed forces and groups.

sentence:
  Only child protection practitioners should interview children associated with armed forces and groups.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Youth and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.30 Youth and DDR
heading1: 1. Module scope and objectives
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  This module is applicable to youth between the ages of 15 and 24. However, the document should be read in conjunction with IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR, as youth between the ages of 15 to 17, are also children, and require special considerations and protections in line with legal frameworks for children and may benefit from child sensitive approaches to DDR consistent with the best interests of the child. Children between the ages of 15 to 17 are included in this module in recognition of the reality that children who are nearing the age of 18 are more likely to have employment needs and/or socio- political reintegration demands, requiring additional guidance that is youth-focused. This module should also be read in conjunction with IDDRS 5.10 on Women, Gender and DDR.

sentence:
  However, the document should be read in conjunction with IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR, as youth between the ages of 15 to 17, are also children, and require special considerations and protections in line with legal frameworks for children and may benefit from child sensitive approaches to DDR consistent with the best interests of the child.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 9. Criminal responsibility and accountability
heading2: 9.4 Children associated with armed groups designated by the UN as terrorist organizations
heading3: 9.4.1 Justice for children allegedly accused of terrorism-related offences
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  Consistent with Article 40 of the CRC, any child suspected, accused, or convicted of having committed a terrorism-related offence or an offence against national security has the right to be treated in a manner consistent with international law and standards, including juvenile justice standards: “Procedures employed should promote the child’s dignity and worth and reinforce the child’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others. It should take into account the child’s age and the desirability of promoting the child’s reintegration and the child’s assuming a constructive role in society.”19 In addition, if a state seeks to hold a child accountable for criminal acts alleged to have been committed while under the control of an armed group, courts and service providers should account for the child’s experience and the coercive environment under which the child was living or forced to act when determining both criminal responsibility and the services or support that a child may need. In all decisions, the child’s best interests shall be a primary consideration, “even when the child’s interests may conflict with the State’s perceived security interests.”20

sentence:
  It should take into account the child’s age and the desirability of promoting the child’s reintegration and the child’s assuming a constructive role in society.”19 In addition, if a state seeks to hold a child accountable for criminal acts alleged to have been committed while under the control of an armed group, courts and service providers should account for the child’s experience and the coercive environment under which the child was living or forced to act when determining both criminal responsibility and the services or support that a child may need.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.7 Nationally and locally owned
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  DDR processes for children shall link to national and local structures for child protection with efforts to strengthen institutions working on child rights and advocacy. DDR processes for children require a long implementation period and the long-term success of DDR processes depends on and correlates to the capacities of local actors and communities. These capacities shall be strengthened to support community acceptance and local advocacy potential.

sentence:
  DDR processes for children shall link to national and local structures for child protection with efforts to strengthen institutions working on child rights and advocacy.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 9. Criminal responsibility and accountability
heading2: 9.2 Minimum age of criminal responsibility
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  Under the CRC, States are required to establish a minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR). The Committee on the Rights of the Child encouraged States to increase the MACR where possible, and not to lower it below 14 years of age, commending States that set a higher MACR such as 15 or 16 years of age. This is because children’s brain development is still evolving during these years. Children under the MACR shall never be processed through the criminal justice system. Criminal accountability measures imposed on a child above the MACR shall consider the child’s best interests, the child’s age at the time of the commission of any alleged crime, the coercive environment under which the child may have been living, and any other mitigating circumstances, while simultaneously supporting the child’s protection and reintegration. For all children, reintegration processes should be focused on addressing the root causes of their association and recovery, rather than punishment for any actions.

sentence:
  Criminal accountability measures imposed on a child above the MACR shall consider the child’s best interests, the child’s age at the time of the commission of any alleged crime, the coercive environment under which the child may have been living, and any other mitigating circumstances, while simultaneously supporting the child’s protection and reintegration.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  DDR processes shall be specific to the needs of children and apply child- and gender-sensitive approaches. This module provides critical guidance for DDR practitioners and child protection actors on how to work together to plan, design and implement services and interventions that aim to prevent children’s recruitment and re-recruitment, as well as help children to recover and reintegrate children into their families and communities. The guidance recognizes that the needs of children formerly associated with armed forces and groups during reintegration are multisectoral and different than those of adults. Child-sensitive approaches require DDR practitioners and child protection actors to tailor interventions to meet the specific needs of individual boys and girls, but also to target other conflict-affected or at-risk children within the broader community in which children are reintegrating.

sentence:
  DDR processes shall be specific to the needs of children and apply child- and gender-sensitive approaches.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: 6. Monitoring
heading2: 6.2 Procedures for disarmament
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Special measures will be required for children (see IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR).
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  Before entering the disarmament site perimeter: \n The individual is identified by his/her commander and physically checked by the designated security officials. Special measures will be required for children (see IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR). Men and women will be checked by those of the same sex, which requires having both male and female officers among UN military/DDR staff in mission settings and national security/DDR staff in non-mission settings. \n If the individual is carrying ammunition or explosives that might present a threat, she/he will be asked to leave it outside the handover area, in a location identified by a WAM/EOD specialist, to be handled separately. \n The individual is asked to move with the weapon pointing towards the ground, the catch in safety position (if relevant) and her/his finger off the trigger.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Organized Crime
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.40 DDR and Organized Crime
heading1: 9. Reintegration support and organized crime
heading2: 9.3 Reintegration support and human trafficking
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  Children who have been trafficked should be considered and treated as victims, including those who may have committed crimes during the period of their exploitation. Any criminal action taken against them should be handled according to child-friendly juvenile justice procedures, consistent with international law and norms regarding children in contact with the law, including the Beijing Rules and Havana Principles, among others. Consistent with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration in all decisions pertaining to a child. For further information, see IDDRS 5.30 on Children and DDR.

sentence:
  Consistent with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration in all decisions pertaining to a child.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: Annex B: Determining a child’s age
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: \n A child protection actor should be given access to disarmament sites to identify children.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  To determine a child’s age, the following are general principles: \n If in doubt, assume the person is below 18. \n Identification should take place as early as possible to allow them to access age-appropriate services. \n Identification must occur before disarmament. \n A child protection actor should be given access to disarmament sites to identify children. \n Children should be immediately informed that they are entitled to support so that they are less likely to try to identify as adults.


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
color: #008DCA
module: 2.40 Reintegration as Part of Sustaining Peace
heading1: 3. Guiding principles
heading2: 3.2.2 Unconditional release and protection of children
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  Children who were recruited by armed groups may have experienced significant harm and have specific needs. Furthermore, children who joined or supported armed forces or groups may have done so under duress, coercion or manipulation. For many children and youth who have been associated with armed forces or groups, the focus should be on reintegration and highlighting their self-worth and their ability to contribute to society, as well as offering alternatives to participation in armed groups in the form of training and education. At the same time, opportunities should be provided to other children and youth in the area, so as not to create tension or stigma. The following principles regarding reintegration support to children and youth apply: \n Children shall be treated as children and, if they have been associated with armed forces or groups, as survivors of violations of their rights. They shall always be referred to as children. \n In any decision that affects children, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration. International legal standards pertaining to children shall be applied. \n States shall engage children’s families to support rehabilitation and reintegration.

sentence:
  The following principles regarding reintegration support to children and youth apply: \n Children shall be treated as children and, if they have been associated with armed forces or groups, as survivors of violations of their rights.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 5. Normative legal frameworks
heading2: 5.1 International Human Rights Law
heading3: 5.1.1 The convention on the rights of the child and its optional protocols
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  The rights of the child, as espoused through the CRC and its OPAC, further support the reintegration of CAAFAG through requiring States to promote: \n The child's right to life, survival and development: This right is not limited to ensuring a child’s physical wellbeing but includes the need to ensure full and harmonious development, including at the spiritual, moral and social levels, where education plays a key role. In respect to DDR processes for children, this shall include consideration of how a child’s experience in conflict impacts upon his/her own evolving capacities, as well as recognition of the resilience displayed in surviving and overcoming difficulties. \n The child’s right to be free from arbitrary detention - No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily. The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in conformity with the law and shall be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time. \n The child’s right to fair justice and fair treatment - States recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child's sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child's age and the desirability of promoting the child's reintegration and the child's assuming a constructive role in society. States shall seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, and, in particular \n The physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of child victims: States shall take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of: any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; or armed conflicts. DDR practitioners shall work with States to ensure that recovery and reintegration takes place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and dignity of the child. Article 7 of the OPAC forms the legal basis for support to CAAFAG through the obligation of signatories to rehabilitate and socially reintegrate CAAFAG. \n The child’s right to be free from discrimination: States shall ensure respect for the rights of all children within their jurisdiction – including non-national children – regardless of race, sex, age, religion, ethnicity, opinions, disability or any other status of the child or the child’s parents or legal guardians. DDR practitioners shall pay particular attention to ensuring the full involvement and inclusion of girls and their children, as well as addressing any stigmatization of CAAFAG. \n The child’s right to participate: Children shall be allowed to express their opinions freely and participate in making decisions concerning family reunification and career and educational opportunities, and those opinions should be given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. Children shall be consulted at all stages of the release and reintegration process, and actions that affect them shall be in their best interests, considering their needs and concerns, placement and family. \n The child’s best interests as a primary consideration: Actions that affect the child should be based on an assessment of whether those actions are in the child’s best interests. As part of DDR processes for children, this shall mean that all measures to assure release, protection, reintegration and prevention of re-recruitment shall be determined by their best interests. A child shall participate in determining what is in his/her best interests.

sentence:
  \n The child’s right to fair justice and fair treatment - States recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child's sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child's age and the desirability of promoting the child's reintegration and the child's assuming a constructive role in society.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 5. Normative legal frameworks
heading2: 5.1 International Human Rights Law
heading3: 5.1.1 The convention on the rights of the child and its optional protocols
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  The rights of the child, as espoused through the CRC and its OPAC, further support the reintegration of CAAFAG through requiring States to promote: \n The child's right to life, survival and development: This right is not limited to ensuring a child’s physical wellbeing but includes the need to ensure full and harmonious development, including at the spiritual, moral and social levels, where education plays a key role. In respect to DDR processes for children, this shall include consideration of how a child’s experience in conflict impacts upon his/her own evolving capacities, as well as recognition of the resilience displayed in surviving and overcoming difficulties. \n The child’s right to be free from arbitrary detention - No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily. The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in conformity with the law and shall be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time. \n The child’s right to fair justice and fair treatment - States recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child's sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child's age and the desirability of promoting the child's reintegration and the child's assuming a constructive role in society. States shall seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, and, in particular \n The physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of child victims: States shall take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of: any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; or armed conflicts. DDR practitioners shall work with States to ensure that recovery and reintegration takes place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and dignity of the child. Article 7 of the OPAC forms the legal basis for support to CAAFAG through the obligation of signatories to rehabilitate and socially reintegrate CAAFAG. \n The child’s right to be free from discrimination: States shall ensure respect for the rights of all children within their jurisdiction – including non-national children – regardless of race, sex, age, religion, ethnicity, opinions, disability or any other status of the child or the child’s parents or legal guardians. DDR practitioners shall pay particular attention to ensuring the full involvement and inclusion of girls and their children, as well as addressing any stigmatization of CAAFAG. \n The child’s right to participate: Children shall be allowed to express their opinions freely and participate in making decisions concerning family reunification and career and educational opportunities, and those opinions should be given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. Children shall be consulted at all stages of the release and reintegration process, and actions that affect them shall be in their best interests, considering their needs and concerns, placement and family. \n The child’s best interests as a primary consideration: Actions that affect the child should be based on an assessment of whether those actions are in the child’s best interests. As part of DDR processes for children, this shall mean that all measures to assure release, protection, reintegration and prevention of re-recruitment shall be determined by their best interests. A child shall participate in determining what is in his/her best interests.

sentence:
  \n The child’s right to be free from discrimination: States shall ensure respect for the rights of all children within their jurisdiction – including non-national children – regardless of race, sex, age, religion, ethnicity, opinions, disability or any other status of the child or the child’s parents or legal guardians.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Children and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.20 Children and DDR
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  DDR processes shall be specific to the needs of children and apply child- and gender-sensitive approaches. This module provides critical guidance for DDR practitioners and child protection actors on how to work together to plan, design and implement services and interventions that aim to prevent children’s recruitment and re-recruitment, as well as help children to recover and reintegrate children into their families and communities. The guidance recognizes that the needs of children formerly associated with armed forces and groups during reintegration are multisectoral and different than those of adults. Child-sensitive approaches require DDR practitioners and child protection actors to tailor interventions to meet the specific needs of individual boys and girls, but also to target other conflict-affected or at-risk children within the broader community in which children are reintegrating.

sentence:
  This module provides critical guidance for DDR practitioners and child protection actors on how to work together to plan, design and implement services and interventions that aim to prevent children’s recruitment and re-recruitment, as well as help children to recover and reintegrate children into their families and communities.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: 8. Prospects for coordination
heading2: 8.3. Beyond “do no harm”: Constructively connecting DDR and TJ .
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  DDR programmes, UNICEF, child protection NGOs and the relevant child DDR agency in the Government often develop common individual child date forms, and even shared data- bases, for consistent gathering of information on children who leave the armed forces or groups. Various child protection agencies do not systematically record in their individual child forms the identity of the commanders who recruited the children. Yet, this informa- tion could be used later on for justice or vetting purposes regarding perpetrators of child recruitment. While the agencies indicate that such omission is done intentionally to protect the individual children released and CAAGF more generally, in some cases a thorough discussion on the value of recording certain data and the links of DDR with ongoing/poten- tial transitional justice initiatives had not taken place amongst these actors. Child DDR and child protection actors may examine DDR information management databases, with appropriate consideration for issues of confidentiality, disclosure and consent, with a view on their potential value for justice and TJ purposes.

heading3:
  8.3.2. Consider developing a common approach to gathering information on children who leave armed forces and groups

sentence:
  Various child protection agencies do not systematically record in their individual child forms the identity of the commanders who recruited the children.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Cross-border Population Movements
color: #D10007
module: 5.40 Cross-border Population Movements
heading2: 11.4. Identification of foreign combatants and disarmament
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  Apart from combatants who are confined in internment camps, there are likely to be other former or active combatants living in communities in host countries. Therefore, national security authorities in host countries, in collaboration with UN missions, should identify sites in the host country where combatants can present themselves for voluntary repatria­ tion and incorporation in DDR programmes. In all locations, UNICEF, in collaboration with child protection NGOs, should verify each child’s age and status as a child soldier. In the event that female combatants and women associated with armed forces and groups are identified, their situation should be brought to the attention of the lead agency for women in the DDR process. Where combatants are in possession of armaments, they should be immediately disarmed by security forces in collaboration with the UN mission in the host country.

heading1:
  11. Planning for foreign combatants’ voluntary repatriation and inclusion in cross-border DDR operations

sentence:
  In all locations, UNICEF, in collaboration with child protection NGOs, should verify each child’s age and status as a child soldier.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: UN Police Roles and Responsibilities
color: #7366A3
module: 4.50 UN Police Roles and Responsibilities
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.2 People-centred
heading3: 4.2.2 Unconditional release and protection of children
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  In both mission and non-mission settings, UN police personnel are bound to international norms, laws and standards and must uphold the highest standards of protection, including child protection standards, in all aspects of their work. The importance of child protection shall be understood by all police personnel, through ongoing training, and mainstreamed into daily operations, and in particular, into protection activities. Police officers at all levels should ensure that differentiated and shared threats to boys and girls and their vulnerabilities are identified and that plans and orders are developed to provide effective protection on the ground, working in concert with mission child protection advisers (when relevant), other child protection partners and the responsible government authorities. A police child protection focal point shall be established. Child protection and child rights, including justice for children and other special protections in international law and standards applicable to children in contact with the law, shall be included not only in police training but in standard operating procedures as well as in police guidance as appropriate. Child protection shall be integrated into all police work, including when UN and international police personnel undertake mentoring and advisory activities and build the capacity of State police services in conflict-affected countries. UN police personnel shall contribute to larger efforts to bring about positive change in national laws and practices, promoting the highest standards for protecting children. Whenever orders are written, or an activity planned, UN police personnel shall always consider the impact on children and their protection, including the appropriate measures to be taken to address any child protection concerns.

sentence:
  Child protection and child rights, including justice for children and other special protections in international law and standards applicable to children in contact with the law, shall be included not only in police training but in standard operating procedures as well as in police guidance as appropriate.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Food Assistance in DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.50 Food Assistance in DDR
heading1: 4. Guiding principles
heading2: 4.2 People centred
heading3: 4.2.2 Unconditional release and protection of children
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  The diverse and specific needs of CAAFAG, boys and girls, including in relation to nutrition, shall be taken into account in the design and implementation of the food assistance component of a child DDR process. DDR practitioners and food assistance staff shall be aware of the relevant legal conventions and key issues and vulnerabilities that have to be dealt with when assisting CAAFAG and work closely with child protection specialists when developing the food assistance component of a child DDR process. In addition, appropriate reporting mechanisms shall be established in advance with specialized child protection agencies to deal with child protection and other issues that arise during child demobilization (‘release’) (see IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR and IDDRS 5.30 on Youth and DDR).

sentence:
  In addition, appropriate reporting mechanisms shall be established in advance with specialized child protection agencies to deal with child protection and other issues that arise during child demobilization (‘release’) (see IDDRS 5.20 on Children and DDR and IDDRS 5.30 on Youth and DDR).


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: 8. Prospects for coordination
heading2: 8.3. Beyond “do no harm”: Constructively connecting DDR and TJ .
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  DDR programmes, UNICEF, child protection NGOs and the relevant child DDR agency in the Government often develop common individual child date forms, and even shared data- bases, for consistent gathering of information on children who leave the armed forces or groups. Various child protection agencies do not systematically record in their individual child forms the identity of the commanders who recruited the children. Yet, this informa- tion could be used later on for justice or vetting purposes regarding perpetrators of child recruitment. While the agencies indicate that such omission is done intentionally to protect the individual children released and CAAGF more generally, in some cases a thorough discussion on the value of recording certain data and the links of DDR with ongoing/poten- tial transitional justice initiatives had not taken place amongst these actors. Child DDR and child protection actors may examine DDR information management databases, with appropriate consideration for issues of confidentiality, disclosure and consent, with a view on their potential value for justice and TJ purposes.

heading3:
  8.3.2. Consider developing a common approach to gathering information on children who leave armed forces and groups

sentence:
  DDR programmes, UNICEF, child protection NGOs and the relevant child DDR agency in the Government often develop common individual child date forms, and even shared data- bases, for consistent gathering of information on children who leave the armed forces or groups.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Youth and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.30 Youth and DDR
heading1: 8. Criminal accountability and responsibility
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-15
uniqueID: 6e94e5e2children
paragraph:
  To be sure that children are afforded their rights and protection under law, where there is any question about whether the person is a child, an age assessment shall be conducted before any kind of criminal process, interrogation, or prosecution occurs. Any judicial proceedings for children shall respect internationally recognized juvenile justice and fair trial standards, with a focus on recovery and restorative justice in order to assist children’s physical, psychological and social recovery.5 Where no separate juvenile justice system is in place, cases should be handled by civilian authorities who have special training in child-friendly procedures, rather than military or intelligence authorities. All judicial actions relating to children shall take place in the presence of the child’s appointed legal representative or other appropriate assistance, whose role it is to protect the rights and interests of the child, and unless contrary to the best interests of the child, in the presence of the child’s parents or legal guardians.

sentence:
  All judicial actions relating to children shall take place in the presence of the child’s appointed legal representative or other appropriate assistance, whose role it is to protect the rights and interests of the child, and unless contrary to the best interests of the child, in the presence of the child’s parents or legal guardians.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: Annex B: Critical questions for the field assessment
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: \n Is there a national truth commission?
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Questions related to transitional justice \n What office in the United Nations peacekeeping mission and/or what UN agency is the focal point on transitional justice, human rights, and rule of law issues? \n What government entity is the focal point on transitional justice, human rights and rule of law issues? \n Is there a national truth commission? Are there any other truth-seeking initiatives, for example at the local or regional level of the country? \n Are there any investigations and/or prosecutions of perpetrators of crimes involving violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law that occurred during the conflict? \n Does the truth commission or prosecutions process have any specific outreach to, or strategy for dealing with, ex-combatants? \n Does the truth commission or prosecutions process have a public information or out- reach capacity? What kind of information is being disseminated? How are they reaching out to vulnerable, marginalized groups including ex-combatants in communicating mandate and operations? \n Are there plans to offer reparations to victims or communities ravaged by the conflict? Who are the targeted beneficiaries of the reparations? How are women survivors of sexual violence considered in reparations programmes, female ex-combatants, WAAFG, children? When will reparations be distributed? How will reparations distributed? Who is funding or could fund the reparation programme? \n Are reparations tied to any other transitional justice measures such as prosecutions, truth-telling, institutional reform and/or local justice initiatives? \n Is institutional reform, such as vetting, mandated as part of the peace agreement or post-conflict legal framework? Are security sector institutions targeted for such reform? Are there any accountability mechanisms set up to address the integrity of the security sector personnel? \n Are there any justice or reconciliation efforts at the local/community level? \n What is the involvement of women and/or children in locally based justice and rec- onciliation initiatives? \n What is the criterion for determining who could participate in locally based justice and reconciliation initiatives? \n Are these locally based justice and reconciliation initiatives linked to any other tran- sitional justice measures such as prosecutions, truth-telling and/or reparations?


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Health and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.70 Health and DDR
heading1: 5. Health and DDR
heading2: 5.2. Linking health action to DDR and the peace process
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Key questions for the pre-planning assessment: \n What are the key features of the peace protocols? \n Which actors are involved? \n How many armed groups and forces have participated in the peace negotiation? What is their make-up in terms of age and sex? \n Are there any foreign troops (e.g., foreign mercenaries) among them? \n Does the peace protocol require a change in the administrative system of the country? Will the health system be affected by it? \n What role did the UN play in achieving the peace accord, and how will agencies be deployed to facilitate the implementation of its different aspects? \n Who will coordinate the health-related aspects of integrated, inter-agency DDR efforts (ministry of health, WHO, medical services of peacekeeping mission, UNFPA, food agencies such as the \n World Food Programme [WFP], implementing partners, etc.)? Who will set up the UN coordinating mechanism, division of responsibilities, etc., and when? \n What national steering bodies/committees for DDR are planned (joint commission, transitional government, national commission on DDR, working groups, etc.)? \n Who are the members and what is the mandate of such bodies? \n Is the health sector represented in such bodies? Should it be? \n Is assistance to combatants set out in the peace protocol, and if so, what plans have been made for DDR? \n Which phases in the DDR process have been planned? \n What is the time-frame for each phase? \n What role, if any, can/should the health sector play in each phase?

sentence:
  \n What national steering bodies/committees for DDR are planned (joint commission, transitional government, national commission on DDR, working groups, etc.)?


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Security Sector Reform
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform
heading1: 8. DDR and SSR dynamics to consider before and during reintegration
heading2: 8.5. DDR, SSR and SALW
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  SALW control initiatives may provide an entry point for coordinating DDR-SSR efforts. Developing linkages between national SALW Commissions and DDR/SSR Commissions may provide one means to institutionalise coordination. To ensure potential synergies are not lost, SALW control measures should form part of joint assessments and be reflected in the design of DDR/SSR programmes. SALW availability should be a component of conflict and security analysis (see IDDRS 4.30 on Social and Economic Reintegration, Section 5.1.).

sentence:
  Developing linkages between national SALW Commissions and DDR/SSR Commissions may provide one means to institutionalise coordination.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: 3. Introduction
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Truth commissions can be official, local or national.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Box 1 Primary approaches to transitional justice \n Prosecutions – are the conduct of investigations and judicial proceedings against an alleged perpetrator of a crime in accordance with international standards for the administration of justice. For the purposes of this module, the focus is on the prosecution of individuals accused of criminal conduct involving gross violations of international human rights law, serious violations of international humanitarian law and violations of international criminal law. Prosecutions initiatives can vary. They can be broad in scope, aiming to try many perpetrators, or they can be narrowly focused on those that bear the most responsibility for the crimes committed. \n Reparations – are a set of measures that provides redress for victims of gross violations of international human rights law, serious violations of international humanitarian law and violations of international criminal law. Reparations can take the form of restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of non-repetition. Reparations programs have two goals: first, to provide recognition for victims because reparation are explicitly and primarily carried out on behalf of victims; and, second, to encourage trust among citizens, and between citizens and the state, by demonstrating that past abuses are regarded seriously by the new government. \n Truth commissions – are non-judicial or quasi-judicial fact-finding bodies. They have the primary purpose of investigating and reporting on past abuses in an attempt to understand the extent and patterns of past violations, as well as their causes and consequences. The work of a commission is to help a society understand and acknowledge a contested or denied history, and bring the voices and stories of victims to the public at large. It also aims at preventing further abuses. Truth commissions can be official, local or national. They can conduct investigations and hearings, and can identify the individuals and institutions responsible for abuse. Truth commissions can also be empowered to make policy and prosecutorial recommendations. \n Institutional reform – is changing public institutions, including those that may have perpetuated a conflict or served a repressive regime, and transforming them into institutions that are more effective and accountable and thus better able to support the transition, sustain peace and preserve the rule of law. Following a period of massive human rights abuse, building fair and efficient public institutions play a critical role in preventing future abuses. It also enables public institutions, in particular in the security and justice sectors, to provide criminal accountability for past abuses.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: Annex A: Terms and definitions
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Truth commissions can be official, local or national.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Truth commissions – are non-judicial or quasi-judicial fact-finding bodies. They have the primary purpose of investigating and reporting on past abuses in an attempt to understand the extent and patterns of past violations, as well as their causes and consequences. The work of a commission is to help a society understand and acknowledge a contested or denied history, and bring the voices and stories of victims to the public at large. It also aims at preventing further abuses. Truth commissions can be official, local or national. They may conduct investigations and hearings, and may identify the individuals and insti- tutions responsible for abuse. Truth commissions may also be empowered to make policy and prosecutorial recommendations.


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Women, Gender and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.10 Women, Gender and DDR
heading1: 6. Gender-responsive DDR
heading2: 6.3 Demobilization
heading3: 6.3.2. Demobilization mandates, scope, institutional arrangements: Female-specific interventions
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  In situations where governments are responsible for all or part of the DDR process, UN representatives should encourage national DDR commissions to work closely with government ministries in charge of women’s affairs, as well as women’s peace-building networks. National DDR commissions should be encouraged to employ women in leader- ship positions and assign gender focal points within the commission.

sentence:
  National DDR commissions should be encouraged to employ women in leader- ship positions and assign gender focal points within the commission.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
color: #7366A3
module: 4.11 Transitional Weapons and Ammunition Management
heading1: 5. Planning and designing transitional WAM
heading2: 5.1 Assessments and weapons survey
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Once reliable information has been gathered, collaborative transitional WAM plans can be drawn up by the national DDR commission and the UN DDR component in mission settings and by the national DDR commission and the UN lead agency(ies) in non-mission settings. These plans should outline the intended target populations and requirements for transitional WAM, the type of WAM measures and operations that are planned, a timetable, and logistics, budget and staffing needs.

sentence:
  Once reliable information has been gathered, collaborative transitional WAM plans can be drawn up by the national DDR commission and the UN DDR component in mission settings and by the national DDR commission and the UN lead agency(ies) in non-mission settings.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Security Sector Reform
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform
heading1: 9. Programming factors and entry points
heading2: 9.4. Entry points
heading3: 9.4.5. National commissions
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: National DDR commissions therefore provide an impo
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  National DDR commissions exist in many of the countries that embark on DDR processes and are used to coordinate government authorities and international entities that support the national DDR programme (see IDDRS 3.30 on National Institutions for DDR). National DDR commissions therefore provide an impo


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: Annex C: Further reading
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: \n —, Rule of Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Truth Commissions.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Rule of Law Tools \n Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule of Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Amnesties. United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2009. \n —, Rule of Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Maximizing the Legacy of Hybrid Courts. United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2008. \n —, Rule of Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Reparations Programmes. United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2008. \n —, Rule of Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Prosecutions Initiatives. United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006. \n —, Rule of Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Truth Commissions. United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006. \n —, Rule of Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Vetting: An Operational Framework. United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Security Sector Reform
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.10 DDR and Security Sector Reform
heading1: 9. Programming factors and entry points
heading2: 9.4. Entry points
heading3: 9.4.5. National commissions
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  The ToRs of National DDR commissions may provide an opportunity to link national DDR and SSR capacities. For example, the commission may share information with rele- vant Ministries (beyond the Ministry of Defence) such as Justice and the Interior as well as the legislative and civil society. Depending on the context, national commissions may be- come permanent parts of the national security sector governance architecture. This can help to ensure that capacities developed in support of a DDR programme are retained within the system beyond the lifespan of the DDR process itself.

sentence:
  The ToRs of National DDR commissions may provide an opportunity to link national DDR and SSR capacities.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: 7. Transitional justice and DDR
heading2: 7.2. Truth commissions
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Box 2 Sierra Leone case study: DDR in the context of a hybrid tribunal and a truth and reconciliation commission* \n The post conflict situation in Sierra Leone was distinctive in that the DDR process and the national transitional justice initiatives were implemented very closely after each other, and because of the co-existence of both a truth commission and a criminal tribunal. The Lomé Peace Agreement stipulated the mandates for DDR and for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), no formal links, however, were made between the two processes in the peace document or in practice. Disarmament and demobilization was largely successful in Sierra Leone, yet some research suggests that the lack of accountability had a negative impact on the reintegration of certain ex-combatants. Ex-combatants of armed factions that were known to have committed abuses against the civilian population have faced more difficulties in reintegration than others.** \n The Lomé Accord of 1999 included a cessation of hostilities, the initiation of a DDR program, inclusion of the rebel force the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in government, a blanket amnesty for all combatants, and DDR for fighters. During the signing of the Accord, the representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations (UN) to the peace negotiations included a disclaimer stating that the UN understood that the amnesty and pardon provided by the agreement would not cover international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and other serious crimes under international humanitarian law. Through the active efforts of civil society leaders in Sierra Leone, as well as international advocates, the Lomé Accord also mandated a truth and reconciliation commission and a human rights commission. \n The progress made at Lomé was shattered in May 2000 when fighting resumed in the capital city of Freetown. The peace process was put back on track after the reinforcement of the UN peacekeeping mission there and increased mediation efforts resulting in the signing of the Abuja Protocols in 2001. The Abuja Protocols also marked an abrupt change in the national approach to accountability and justice. The government formally requested the UN’s assistance to establish a court to try members of the RUF involved in war crimes. The UN supported the initiative, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) was set up in August 2002 with a mandate to try those who bear the greatest responsibility for the atrocities committed in Sierra Leone. \n The DDR was in its closing phases when the SCSL and TRC were established. All parties to the Lomé peace agreement, including the national government and the RUF, backed the establishment of a TRC, which began operations in 2002. While the SCSL stoked fears among ex-combatants about their possible criminal prosecution, there was a great deal of hope that the TRC would provide an effective and essential mechanism for promoting reconciliation. \n Although, at first, the concurrence of a tribunal and a truth commission generated considerable misunderstanding, civil society efforts to provide information to ex-combatants were successful in increasing the latters understanding of the separate mandates of each institution. Support for the TRC amongst ex-combatants rose from 53 to 85 per cent after ex-combatants understood its design and purpose, while those who believed it would bring reconciliation rose from 52 to 84 per cent. For those ex-combatants who admitted to human rights violations the TRC offered an opportunity to take responsibility for their actions. According to one report, “They want to confess to the TRC because they think it will enable them to return to their communities.”*** \n * This is excerpted from: Gibril Sesay and Mohamed Suma, “DDR, Transitional Justice, and Sierra Leone,” A Case Study on DDR and Transitional Justice (New York: International Center for Transitional Justice, forthcoming). \n ** Jeremy Weinstein and Macartan Humphreys, Disentangling the Determinants of Successful Demobilization and Reintegration, Working Paper No. 69, Washington DC: Center for Global Development, 2005. \n *** The Post-conflict Reintegration Initiative for Development and Empowerment (PRIDE) and ICTJ, “Ex-Combatants Views of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court in Sierra Leone,” (September 2002). http://www.ictj/org/en/where/region1/141.html

sentence:
  Through the active efforts of civil society leaders in Sierra Leone, as well as international advocates, the Lomé Accord also mandated a truth and reconciliation commission and a human rights commission.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: 7. Transitional justice and DDR
heading2: 7.2. Truth commissions
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Children should also have an opportunity to, voluntarily, participate in truth commissions.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  More often truth commissions are perceived as initiatives for victims and the partici- pation of demobilized combatants is minimal, even in situations where ex-combatants have experienced victimization. For example, in South Africa, ex-combatant participation in the TRC was limited primarily to the amnesty hearings—relatively few made statements as victims of abuse or were given a chance to testify at victims’ hearings. Ex-combatants later expressed a sense that they had been left out of the process. Children should also have an opportunity to, voluntarily, participate in truth commissions. They should be treated equally as witnesses or victims.


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Disarmament
color: #7366A3
module: 4.10 Disarmament
heading1: Annex C: Weapons survey
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Who should implement the weapons survey? \n While the DDR component and specialized UN agencies can secure funding and coordinate the process, it is critical to ensure that ownership of the project sits at the national level due to the sensitivities involved, and so that the results have greater legitimacy in informing any future national policymaking on the subject. This could be through the National Coordinating Mechanism on SALW, for example, or the National DDR Commission. Buy-in must also be secured from local authorities on the ground where research is to be conducted. Such authorities must also be kept informed of developments for political and security reasons. \n Weapons surveys are often sub-contracted out by UN agencies and national authorities to independent and impartial research organizations and/or an expert consultant to design and coordinate the survey components. The survey team should include independent experts and surveyors who are nationals of the country in which the DDR component or the UN lead agency(ies) is operating and who speak the local language(s). The implementation of weapons surveys should always serve as an opportunity to develop national research capacity.

sentence:
  This could be through the National Coordinating Mechanism on SALW, for example, or the National DDR Commission.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: Annex B: Critical questions for the field assessment
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Questions related to transitional justice \n What office in the United Nations peacekeeping mission and/or what UN agency is the focal point on transitional justice, human rights, and rule of law issues? \n What government entity is the focal point on transitional justice, human rights and rule of law issues? \n Is there a national truth commission? Are there any other truth-seeking initiatives, for example at the local or regional level of the country? \n Are there any investigations and/or prosecutions of perpetrators of crimes involving violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law that occurred during the conflict? \n Does the truth commission or prosecutions process have any specific outreach to, or strategy for dealing with, ex-combatants? \n Does the truth commission or prosecutions process have a public information or out- reach capacity? What kind of information is being disseminated? How are they reaching out to vulnerable, marginalized groups including ex-combatants in communicating mandate and operations? \n Are there plans to offer reparations to victims or communities ravaged by the conflict? Who are the targeted beneficiaries of the reparations? How are women survivors of sexual violence considered in reparations programmes, female ex-combatants, WAAFG, children? When will reparations be distributed? How will reparations distributed? Who is funding or could fund the reparation programme? \n Are reparations tied to any other transitional justice measures such as prosecutions, truth-telling, institutional reform and/or local justice initiatives? \n Is institutional reform, such as vetting, mandated as part of the peace agreement or post-conflict legal framework? Are security sector institutions targeted for such reform? Are there any accountability mechanisms set up to address the integrity of the security sector personnel? \n Are there any justice or reconciliation efforts at the local/community level? \n What is the involvement of women and/or children in locally based justice and rec- onciliation initiatives? \n What is the criterion for determining who could participate in locally based justice and reconciliation initiatives? \n Are these locally based justice and reconciliation initiatives linked to any other tran- sitional justice measures such as prosecutions, truth-telling and/or reparations?

sentence:
  \n Does the truth commission or prosecutions process have a public information or out- reach capacity?


levelName: Operations, Programmes and Support
title: Reintegration
color: #7366A3
module: 4.30 Reintegration
heading1: 10. Social/Psychosocial reintegration
heading2: 10.2. Reconciliation
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Reconciliation among all groups is perhaps the most fragile and significant process within a national peace-building strategy, and may include many parallel processes, such as transitional justice measures (i.e. reparations and truth commissions) (see Module 6.20 on DDR and Transitional Justice for more information).

sentence:
  reparations and truth commissions) (see Module 6.20 on DDR and Transitional Justice for more information).


levelName: Cross-cutting Issues
title: Women, Gender and DDR
color: #D10007
module: 5.10 Women, Gender and DDR
heading1: 6. Gender-responsive DDR
heading2: 6.1. Negotiating DDR: Ensuring women’s political participation
heading3: 6.1.2. Negotiating DDR: Female-specific interventions
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  The requirement for the representation of women in structures established to manage DDR processes, such as a national DDR commission, should be included in the peace accord. Information about the DDR programme and process should be made available to any sub- sidiary bodies or sub-committees established to facilitate the participation of civil society in the peace process.

sentence:
  The requirement for the representation of women in structures established to manage DDR processes, such as a national DDR commission, should be included in the peace accord.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: 8. Prospects for coordination
heading2: 8.3. Beyond “do no harm”: Constructively connecting DDR and TJ .
heading3: 8.3.6. Encourage ex-combatants to participate in transitional justice measures
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Their testimonies may be valuable for a prosecutions initiative or a truth commission.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Ex-combatants are often simultaneously fighters, witnesses, and victims of an armed con- flict. Their testimonies may be valuable for a prosecutions initiative or a truth commission. Additionally their story or experience may change the way others in the society may view them, by blurring the sharp distinctions between combatants, often seen solely as perpetra- tors, and victims, and exposing the structural roots of the conflict. A more comprehensive understanding of the experience of ex-combatants may ease the reintegration process.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: 7. Transitional justice and DDR
heading2: 7.2. Truth commissions
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
sentence: Ex-combatants may hold varying views of truth commissions.
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Ex-combatants may hold varying views of truth commissions. Some will avoid them entirely, refusing to acknowledge victims or the harm caused by themselves or other mem- bers of armed forces and groups. Others may regard truth commissions as an opportunity to tell their side of the story and to apologize. Accompanied by appropriate public infor- mation and outreach initiatives, including tailored responses such as in-camera hearings for survivors of sexual violence, they may help break down rigid representations of victims and perpetrators by allowing ex-combatants to tell their own stories of victimization and by exploring and identifying the roots of violent conflict. Less positively, ex-combatants may perceive truth commissions as a threat, for example in cases where the names of indi- vidual perpetrators are made public.


levelName: IDDRS FRAMEWORK
title: DDR and Transitional Justice
color: #CF7AB2
module: 6.20 DDR and Transitional Justice
heading1: Annex B: Critical questions for the field assessment
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  Questions related to transitional justice \n What office in the United Nations peacekeeping mission and/or what UN agency is the focal point on transitional justice, human rights, and rule of law issues? \n What government entity is the focal point on transitional justice, human rights and rule of law issues? \n Is there a national truth commission? Are there any other truth-seeking initiatives, for example at the local or regional level of the country? \n Are there any investigations and/or prosecutions of perpetrators of crimes involving violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law that occurred during the conflict? \n Does the truth commission or prosecutions process have any specific outreach to, or strategy for dealing with, ex-combatants? \n Does the truth commission or prosecutions process have a public information or out- reach capacity? What kind of information is being disseminated? How are they reaching out to vulnerable, marginalized groups including ex-combatants in communicating mandate and operations? \n Are there plans to offer reparations to victims or communities ravaged by the conflict? Who are the targeted beneficiaries of the reparations? How are women survivors of sexual violence considered in reparations programmes, female ex-combatants, WAAFG, children? When will reparations be distributed? How will reparations distributed? Who is funding or could fund the reparation programme? \n Are reparations tied to any other transitional justice measures such as prosecutions, truth-telling, institutional reform and/or local justice initiatives? \n Is institutional reform, such as vetting, mandated as part of the peace agreement or post-conflict legal framework? Are security sector institutions targeted for such reform? Are there any accountability mechanisms set up to address the integrity of the security sector personnel? \n Are there any justice or reconciliation efforts at the local/community level? \n What is the involvement of women and/or children in locally based justice and rec- onciliation initiatives? \n What is the criterion for determining who could participate in locally based justice and reconciliation initiatives? \n Are these locally based justice and reconciliation initiatives linked to any other tran- sitional justice measures such as prosecutions, truth-telling and/or reparations?

sentence:
  \n Does the truth commission or prosecutions process have any specific outreach to, or strategy for dealing with, ex-combatants?


levelName: Concepts, Policy and Strategy of the IDDRS
title: Community Violence Reduction
color: #008DCA
module: 2.30 Community Violence Reduction
heading1: 6. CVR programming
heading2: 6.2 CVR in mission and non-mission settings
heading3: 6.2.2 Non-mission settings
session_key: bi0sqhmvtbtsbsodv9zxzx5ymrknm173
session_expiry_date: 2022-06-17
uniqueID: 1fdf1a6cDDR commission
paragraph:
  In non-mission settings there may not always be a National DDR Commission to provide direct inputs into CVR planning and programming. However, alternative interlocutors should be sought – including relevant line ministries and departments – in order to ensure that the broad strategic direction of the CVR programme is aligned with relevant national and regional stabilization objectives.

sentence:
  In non-mission settings there may not always be a National DDR Commission to provide direct inputs into CVR planning and programming.


